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“Generative artificial intelligence (AI), which uses generative models such as large language models to create text, images, or other media in response to a prompt, 1 is rapidly becoming integrated into health care practice and research.2”
From Increasing Generative Artificial Intelligence Competency among Students Enrolled in Doctoral Nursing Research Coursework (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
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Science in the age of large language models
Birhane, A., Kasirzadeh, A., Leslie, D., & Wachter, S. (2023) · Nature Reviews Physics · doi:10.1038/s42254-023-00581-4 · Cited by 344
ChatGPT: ethical concerns and challenges in academics and research
Guleria, A., Krishan, K., Sharma, V., & Kanchan, T. (2023) · The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries · doi:10.3855/jidc.18738 · Cited by 170
“In an online survey of 672 readers conducted by Nature , around 80% of respondents had used ChatGPT once, while 8% used ChatGPT on an everyday basis and 14% several times per week [31].”
BackgroundEppler, M., Ganjavi, C., Ramacciotti, L. S., Piazza, P., Rodler, S., Checcucci, E., Gomez Rivas, J., Kowalewski, K. F., Belenchón, I. R., Puliatti, S., et al. (2024) · European Urology · doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2023.10.014 · Cited by 117
Wachinger, J., Bärnighausen, K., Schäfer, L. N., Scott, K., & McMahon, S. A. (2024) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/10497323241244669 · Cited by 125
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“…natural language processing (NLP) model, which o ff ers an almost in fi nite number of application possibilities, including creative fun, brainstorming, writing code and presentations, conducting literature presentations and reviews, writing research manuscripts and writing course-work or exams [17].”
BackgroundAndersen, J. P., Degn, L., Fishberg, R., Graversen, E., Horbach, S., Schmidt, E. K., Schneider, J. W., & Sørensen, M. P. (2025) · Technology and Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2025.102813 · Cited by 113
Kendall, G., & Teixeira da Silva, J. A. (2024) · Learned Publishing · doi:10.1002/leap.1578 · Cited by 100
“Owens (2023) surveyed how researchers are using generative AI, such as ChatGPT, to help with their research: 57% of the respondents said they used it for creative fun, not related to research, 24% used it for writing computer code, while 16% used ChatGPT to help with their research.”
BackgroundFriend or foe? Exploring the implications of large language models on the science system
Fecher, B., Hebing, M., Laufer, M., Pohle, J., & Sofsky, F. (2025) · AI & SOCIETY · doi:10.1007/s00146-023-01791-1 · Cited by 78
“Scientists may also use LLM-based tools for non-scholarly tasks, as a recent Nature poll has shown: while eighty per cent of respondents have used AI chatbots, more than half say they use them for ‘creative fun’ (Owens 2023).”
Ganjavi, C., Eppler, M., O’Brien, D., Ramacciotti, L. S., Ghauri, M. S., Anderson, I., Choi, J., Dwyer, D., Stephens, C., Shi, V., et al. (2024) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000596 · Cited by 73
Piccolo, S., Denny, P. C., Luxton-Reilly, A., Payne, S., & Ridge, P. G. (2023) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011511 · Cited by 94
“Researchers have already begun to explore this capability in practice [59].”
BackgroundTen quick tips for harnessing the power of ChatGPT in computational biology
Lubiana, T., Lopes, R., Medeiros, P., Silva, J. C. S. E., Gonçalves, A. N. A., Maracaja‐Coutinho, V., & Nakaya, H. I. (2023) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011319 · Cited by 81
“5 and GPT-4—ChatGPT is considered a general-purpose technology with the potential to impact the job market and research endeavors in numerous fields [1].”
BackgroundRossettini, G., Cook, C. E., Palese, A., Pillastrini, P., & Turolla, A. (2023) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2023.12000 · Cited by 64
Watters, C., & Lemański, M. K. (2023) · Frontiers in Big Data · doi:10.3389/fdata.2023.1224976 · Cited by 64
Applications of Large Language Models in Pathology
Cheng, J. (2024) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering11040342 · Cited by 56
“LLMs can assist medical educators with curriculum development, writing presentations [14], formulation of course syl-labuses, developing case scenarios, crafting learning plans, and developing proposals [15].”
BackgroundThe importance of human supervision in the use of ChatGPT as a support tool in scientific writing
Castillo‐González, W. (2023) · Metaverse Basic and Applied Research · doi:10.56294/mr202329 · Cited by 45
You, Y., Chen, Y., You, Y., Zhang, Q., & Cao, Q. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15129355 · Cited by 48
Higher Education Students’ Perceptions of GenAI Tools for Learning
Daher, W., & Hussein, A. (2024) · Information · doi:10.3390/info15070416 · Cited by 66
Kedia, N., Sanjeev, S., Ong, J., & Chhablani, J. K. (2024) · Eye · doi:10.1038/s41433-023-02915-z · Cited by 43
“They can also help researchers with analysing large datasets or writing code [73].”
Bisi, T., Risser, A., Clavert, P., Migаud, H., & Dаrtus, J. (2023) · Orthopaedics & Traumatology Surgery & Research · doi:10.1016/j.otsr.2023.103694 · Cited by 40
ChatGPT as an “author”: Bibliometric analysis to assess the validity of authorship
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Understanding the perception of design students towards ChatGPT
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Jang, H., & Choi, H. (2024) · Journal of Science Education and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10956-024-10173-1 · Cited by 35
“Anyone can use ChatGPT with simple commands to produce excellent results in papers, reports, literature, and coding for assignments without citations (Owens, 2023; Su et al., 2023; Yeadon et al., 2023).”
Advancing artificial intelligence to help feed the world
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Towards human-AI collaborative urban science research enabled by pre-trained large language models
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“Due to its exceptional proficiency in text learning, text classification, information extraction, and text generation (Owens, 2023; Wang, Li, Qin, Zhu, Mo and Hu, 2023a; Wang, Yang, Wang, Li and Han, 2023b), PLMs have demonstrated its immense potential in diverse fields including finance (Dowling and Lucey, 2023), med…”
Estimating the quality of published medical research with ChatGPT
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“Although ChatGPT is now widely used to support academic research (Eppler et al., 2024; Owens, 2023), and it has been systematically evaluated for natural language processing tasks like question answering, sentiment analysis, and text summarisation ( Kocoń et al., 2023 ) it has sometimes been…”
Rise of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Science
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“It is reported that GenAI is helping some researchers to write code, review literature, and prepare presentations and manuscripts (Owens, 2023), with Noy and Zhang (2023) finding in a controlled experiment that college-educated professionals using ChatGPT saw substantial productivity gains across…”
ChatGPT and generative AI are revolutionizing the scientific community: A Janus‐faced conundrum
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“A survey reported in February 2023 revealed that 80% of respondents use AI chatbots [1].”
BackgroundCan Large Language Models Serve as Reliable Tools for Information in Dentistry? A Systematic Review
Alhazmi, N., Alshehri, A., BaHammam, F. A., Philip, M. R., Nadeem, M., & Khanagar, S. B. (2025) · International Dental Journal · doi:10.1016/j.identj.2025.04.015 · Cited by 27
Evaluating interactions of patients with large language models for medical information
Carl, N., Haggenmüller, S., Wies, C., Nguyen, L., Winterstein, J. T., Hetz, M. J., Mangold, M. H., Hartung, F. O., Grüne, B., Holland‐Letz, T., et al. (2025) · British Journal of Urology · doi:10.1111/bju.16676 · Cited by 25
University Teachers’ Perceptions of Using ChatGPT in Language Teaching and Assessment
Nguyễn, T. C. (2024) · Proceedings of the AsiaCALL International Conference · doi:10.54855/paic.2349 · Cited by 40
Yin, S., Huang, S., Xue, P., Xu, Z., Lian, Z., Ye, C., Ma, S., Liu, M., Hu, Y., Lu, P., et al. (2025) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-025-03899-1 · Cited by 21
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Reading Turchioe, M., Kisselev, S., Van Bulck, L., & Bakken, S. (2024) · Applied Clinical Informatics · doi:10.1055/a-2373-3151 · Cited by 20
“4,19 Themajor riskswereethical and legal issues including plagiarism, copyright, transparency, risks of bias including the risks of “ infodemics ” biasing results, risks of hallucination (i.e., the phenomenon of models providing fabricated or misleading outputs), models having limited and incorrect…”
Parental concerns about oral health of children: Is ChatGPT helpful in finding appropriate answers?
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Ng, J., Tong, M., Tsang, E. Y. M., Chu, K., & Tsang, W. (2025) · SN Computer Science · doi:10.1007/s42979-025-04010-4 · Cited by 18
“Its applications include assisting with tasks such as essay writing, scientific article composition, brainstorming research ideas, conduct - ing literature reviews, enhancing papers, and even proof - reading text for structural, punctuation, and grammatical errors [6, 9 – 12].”
ChatGPT: a viral data-driven disruption in the information environment
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“These analyses, indeed, the fi rst empirical explorations of the developments underway (ERC, 2023; Hosseini et al., 2023; Nordling, 2023a,b; Owens, 2023; Van Noorden & Perkel, 2023; , Watermeyer et al., 2023), lead to the conclusion that AI-based tools have considerable potential for bene fi ting…”
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Exploring the Impacts of ChatGPT on Future Scientific WorkPreprint
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“ChatGPT, a sophisticated large language model (LLM)–based chatbot, is capable of human-like dialogue [6].”
Kang, R., Xuan, Z., Tong, L., Wang, Y., Jin, S., & Xiao, Q. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/65523 · Cited by 19
“Participants in this study have identified a diverse range of specific application scenarios for GenAI within nursing research, and a survey conducted by Nature has also confirmed this phenomenon [52].”
Exploring the use of ChatGPT among media students in Egypt: Opportunities and challenges
Assad, A. (2024) · Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies · doi:10.30935/ojcmt/14416 · Cited by 14
França, T. F. A., & Monserrat, J. M. (2024) · The Journal of General Physiology · doi:10.1085/jgp.202413654 · Cited by 21
“They are pitched (and already used) not only for writing papers after research is done, but also to write grant proposals and code for analyses (Owens, 2023; Prillaman, 2023; Seckel et al, 2024).”
Herman, E., Nicholas, D., Abrizah, A., Revez, J. M. R., Bravo, B. R., Świgoń, M., Clark, D., Xu, J., & Watkinson, A. (2024) · Learned Publishing · doi:10.1002/leap.1623 · Cited by 15
“…according to one of the fi rst empirical studies to investigate the utilization of AI for scienti fi c research, by February 2023 researchers had begun to try out tools such as ChatGPT, if at the time often using them more for ‘ creative fun ’ than to help with their scholarly pursuits (Owens, 2023).”
Tendencies and Challenges of Artificial Intelligence Development and Implementation
Kondratenko, Y. P., Shevchenko, A., Zhukov, Y., Kondratenko, G., & Striuk, O. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems: Technology and Applications (IDAACS) · doi:10.1109/idaacs58523.2023.10348800 · Cited by 18
“Researchers are impressed by AI tools as important assistants but are apprehensive about which way AI tools such as ChatGPT can transform science, technology, and society in the nearby future [32], [38].”
BackgroundBiomimetic tools: insights and implications of a comprehensive analysis and classification
Zhang, J., Kestem, L., Wommer, K., et al. (2025) · Bioinspiration & Biomimetics · doi:10.1088/1748-3190/adaff6 · Cited by 11
Clelland, C. L., Moss, S., & Clelland, J. D. (2024) · Exploration of Digital Health Technologies · doi:10.37349/edht.2024.00006 · Cited by 10
Authors, wordsmiths and ghostwriters: Early career researchers' responses to artificial intelligence
Clark, D., Nicholas, D., Świgoń, M., Abrizah, A., Bravo, B. R., Revez, J. M. R., Herman, E., Xu, J., & Watkinson, A. (2024) · Learned Publishing · doi:10.1002/leap.1652 · Cited by 9
“Still, if in 2023 researchers had only begun to try out Cha-tGPT, using the chatbot more for ‘ creative fun ’ than to help with their scholarly pursuits (Owens, 2023), in a few months ’ usage of AI-powered novel techniques and platforms for research purposes has become more prevalent, if still far…”
Yu, X., Hu, Y., Hu, Y., & Li, K. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13530-8 · Cited by 14
“Large language models like GAI can auto - mate text analysis tasks in academic research, helping graduate students quickly read and write academic papers (Owens, 2023).”
Intellectual cyborgs and the future of science
Ibáñez, A. M. (2023) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2023.06.004 · Cited by 11
ChatGPT as a New Frontier in Arabic Education Technology
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Greenspan, R. L. (2025) · Journal of Criminal Justice Education · doi:10.1080/10511253.2025.2449603 · Cited by 7
Where Will AI Take Scholarly Communication? Voices From the Research Frontline
Nicholas, D., Bravo, B. R., Abrizah, A., Revez, J. M. R., Herman, E., Clark, D., Świgoń, M., Xu, J., & Watkinson, A. (2025) · Learned Publishing · doi:10.1002/leap.2008 · Cited by 7
“…first, a survey that yielded 672 responses from readers who responded to an online questionnaire shortly after the advent of ChatGPT, indicated that around 80% of them had already used the chatbot or a similar AI tool at least once, but 57% said they used them only for ‘creative fun’ (Owens 2023).”
Research on ChatGPT-Driven Advanced Mathematics Course
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“[3]”
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Promoting Students' Writing by Using Essay Writing GPT
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ChatGPT, a Helpful Scaffold or a Debilitating Crutch for Academic Writing?
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“Thus, ChatGPT inherits and leverages the advancements and versatility of these powerful language models to deliver contextually appropriate responses in various fields of knowledge [28].”
BackgroundZhang, C., You, Y., Wang, N., Park, J., & Zhang, L. (2025) · IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/jetcas.2025.3575272 · Cited by 13
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Artificial intelligence utility for drug development: ChatGPT and beyond
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“using GPT AI tools is filtering out false or irrelevant information which limits their utility (Owens, 2023; Sanderson, 2023).”
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“As large language models become more capable and widely accessible to a more sophisticated set of users (Owens, 2023; Mollick and Mollick, 2023; Lee et al., 2023; Birhane et al., 2023; Mollick and Mollick, 2023; Frankenreiter and Nyarko, 2022; Demszky et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2023a; Bom-masani et…”
Bisi, T., Risser, A., Clavert, P., Migаud, H., & Dаrtus, J. (2023) · Revue de Chirurgie Orthopédique et Traumatologique · doi:10.1016/j.rcot.2023.09.014 · Cited by 5
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Uso estratégico da inteligência artificial nas organizações.
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A FAIR and Free Prompt-Based Research Assistant
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“Globale Umfragen zeigen, dass 60–80% der befragten Klinikärztinnen und -ärzte sowie der Forschenden LLM sowohl für klinische als auch für akademische Zwecke nutzen [13, 14].”
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L’enseignant de demain dans le supérieur : architecte des savoirs à l’ère de l’IA générative
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Do perceived benefits influence scholars' intention to use generative artificial intelligence?
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Metadata
- Authors
- Owens, B.
- Corresponding author
- Owens, Brian
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2023-02-20
- Volume
- 615
- Issue
- 7950
- Pages
- 20-20
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W4321371665
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 39
- Type
- other
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Artificial Intelligence Applications
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › AI in Service Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Keywords
- ChatGPT, AI chatbots, scholarly publishing, creative writing, generative AI
- MeSH terms
- Machine Learning, Humans, Periodicals as Topic, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reading, Research Personnel, Writing
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