Awareness and Use of ChatGPT and Large Language Models: A Prospective Cross-sectional Global Survey in Urology
Abstract
Background Since its release in November 2022, ChatGPT has captivated society and shown potential for various aspects of health care.Objective To investigate potential use of ChatGPT, a large language model (LLM), in urology by gathering opinions from urologists worldwide.Design, setting, and participants An open web-based survey was distributed via social media and e-mail chains to urologists between April 20, 2023 and May 5, 2023. Participants were asked to answer questions related to their knowledge and experience with artificial intelligence, as well as their opinions of potential use of ChatGPT/LLMs in research and clinical practice.Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Data are reported as the mean and standard deviation for continuous variables, and the frequency and percentage for categorical variables. Charts and tables are used as appropriate, with descriptions of the chart types and the measures used. The data are reported in accordance with the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES).Results and limitations A total of 456 individuals completed the survey (64% completion rate). Nearly half (47.7%) reported that they use ChatGPT/LLMs in their academic practice, with fewer using the technology in clinical practice (19.8%). More than half (62.2%) believe there are potential ethical concerns when using ChatGPT for scientific or academic writing, and 53% reported that they have experienced limitations when using ChatGPT in academic practice.Conclusions Urologists recognise the potential of ChatGPT/LLMs in research but have concerns regarding ethics and patient acceptance. There is a desire for regulations and guidelines to ensure appropriate use. In addition, measures should be taken to establish rules and guidelines to maximise safety and efficiency when using this novel technology.Patient summary A survey asked 456 urologists from around the world about using an artificial intelligence tool called ChatGPT in their work. Almost half of them use ChatGPT for research, but not many use it for patients care. The resonders think ChatGPT could be helpful, but they worry about problems like ethics and want rules to make sure it's used safely.
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More than 80% of university students have used generative AI tools for academic purposes.
“Recent international surveys indicate that more than 80% of university students have used generative AI tools for academic purposes”
From From adoption to interaction: examining human-GenAI engagement patterns, ethical tensions, and educational trade-offs in nursing education (2026) · cites this paper as [20]
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InfluentialGenerative artificial intelligence in oncology
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“Additionally, LLMs have demonstrated potential in various medical fields such as radiology, ophthalmology, medical insurance, and urology (15–18).”
BackgroundRinderknecht, E., Schmelzer, A., Kravchuk, A. P., Goßler, C., Breyer, J., Gilfrich, C. P., Burger, M., Engelmann, S. U., Saberi, V., Kirschner, C., et al. (2025) · Current Oncology · doi:10.3390/curroncol32020102 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“As highlighted in previous studies [13,14,20], even the most advanced LLMs require human validation to mitigate potential inaccuracies or biases.”
Generative artificial intelligence powered chatbots in urology
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Self-citationA typology of physician input approaches to using AI chatbots for clinical decision-making
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“In a global study conducted on 456 urologists, about half of participants have reported using ChatGPT in their research [31].”
Wang, Y., Yang, S., Zeng, C., Xie, Y. C., Shen, Y., Li, J., Huang, X., Wei, R.-L., & Chen, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1546706 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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“With increasing complexity conditions [ 36].”
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“An investigation into the current landscape of LLM utilization among urologists delves into the usage, opinions, and experiences of practitioners worldwide regarding ChatGPT [20].”
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“While there are reports of individuals relying on ChatGPT for medical diagnosis, there are also studies exhibiting that LLMs can generate mis-leading information that impacts the accuracy of physicians ’ diagnoses [45 – 47] .”
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“Although the responses of the LLMs in this study did not inadvertently leak sensitive information and were based on general medical knowledge and standardized recommendations, some studies have shown that LLMs may inadvertently memorize and disclose original data in their responses [28,29].”
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Men’s Health Clinic Efficiency and Clinic Billing
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“In a recent survey of 456 Urologists from around the world, fewer than 20% reported using ChatGPT/LLM in their clinical practice [38].”
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Self-citationLarge Language Models in der Wissenschaft
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“By employing sophisticated algorithms, AI can provide rapid, comprehensive analyses of existing guidelines, identify gaps in knowledge, and suggest evidence-based updates [12, 13].”
Artificial Intelligence in Surgical Research: Transformative Impacts and Evolving Ethical Challenges
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“32,33 For surgeon-investigators, the meaningful impact of AI lies not in abstract technological potential but in its practical applications to common study formats, as with retrospective cohort analyses, National Surgical Quality Improvement Project (NSQIP) reviews, institutional EMR studies, and…”
Beyond the hype: Unveiling the challenges of large language models in urology
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The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Urologic Oncology: Current Insights and Challenges
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Trust and Trustworthiness: Privacy Protection in the ChatGPT Era
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Safety and security of large language models in healthcare
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The Current State of Artificial Intelligence for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
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The Use and Perceptions of AI Chatbots in Medical Research: An International Cross-Sectional Survey
Alturaiki, H. M., Khamees, M. M. A., Alradhi, H. A., Alharbi, O. T., Kefi, F. Z., Alali, G. A., Bello, F., Shahzad, T., & Ramadan, A. H. A. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.100908 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Studies highlight both promise and limitations: ChatGPT-generated texts often score lower on plagiarism checks and produce coherent writing, yet semantic errors, fabricated references, and concerns about accuracy and ethics persist [7-11].”
InfluentialDuwe, G., Moench, K., Kauth, V., Angeloni, M., Eckhoff, J., Görtz, M., Hoefert, S., Kocar, T. D., Kollitsch, L., Mehralivand, S., et al. (2026) · Die Urologie · doi:10.1007/s00120-026-02778-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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“For AI tools, awareness is about knowing or understanding their capabilities, uses, and limitations 41 .”
Opportunities and challenges of human large language models in surgery: a bibliometric analysis
Luo, Z., Wei, J., & Zhou, R. (2023) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1097/js9.0000000000000970 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Ethical guidelines and legal regulations must govern their use in surgical decision-making, ensuring patient informed consent and data con fi dentiality [5] .”
BackgroundImplications of using conversational robots (chatbots) in uro-oncology
NIEVA-POSSO, D. A., Nieva‐Posso, D. A., & García‐Perdomo, H. A. (2024) · Canadian Urological Association Journal · doi:10.5489/cuaj.8762 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“%) believe there are ethical limitations to using ChatGPT, especially as support in research[38].”
BackgroundInfluentialArtificial Intelligence in Urology—A Survey of Urology Healthcare Providers
Ho, Y.-T., Dhalas, R. R., Zohair, M., Deb, S., Shoaib, M., Elmer, S., Tareq, A. H. M. I., Fareed, T., Zico, N. R., Hamid, A. R. A. H., et al. (2025) · Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal · doi:10.3390/siuj6040053 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationChatGPT promotes healthcare: current applications and potential challenges – correspondence
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“It has been reported that ChatGPT is widely discussed and used in medical fi elds such as urology and psychiatry [5,6] , where it contributes to enhancing the work experience of healthcare professionals.”
BackgroundRinderknecht, E., Alexa, R., Carl, N., Goertz, M., Wessels, F., & Borgmann, H. (2025) · Die Urologie · doi:10.1007/s00120-025-02651-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Use of and confidence in YouTube and ChatGPT in surgical teaching and training
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“59% of the participants felt that ChatGPT could not be used in clinical care due to the lack of validation [19].”
Determinants of ChatGPT adoption and educational level gap: evidence from Bangladesh
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Expanding the horizons of OpenAI's Sora: Unleashing potential in urology
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Transforming Digital Education: ChatGPT in Personalizing Learning and Intelligent Tutoring
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“…80% of university students have used generative AI tools for academic purposes, while healthcare and nursing students increasingly utilize large language models for literature searches, concept clarification, assignment preparation, clinical reasoning exercises, and examination review [20, 23, 28].”
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Adoption of AI-Powered Chatbots with Large Language Models by PathologistsPreprint
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Assessing state‐of‐the‐art online large language models for patient education regarding prostatitis
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Artificial Intelligence Modeling and Priapism
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- Authors
- Eppler, M., Ganjavi, C., Ramacciotti, L. S., Piazza, P., Rodler, S., Checcucci, E., Gomez Rivas, J., Kowalewski, K. F., Belenchón, I. R., Puliatti, S., Taratkin, M., Veccia, A., Baekelandt, L., Teoh, J. Y.-C., Somani, B. K., Wroclawski, M., Abreu, A., Porpiglia, F., Gill, I. S., Murphy, D. G., Canes, D., & Cacciamani, G. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedliero-Universitaria di Bologna Policlinico di Sant'Orsola (IT)
- LMU Klinikum (DE)
- Candiolo Cancer Institute (IT)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (IT)
- Sechenov University (RU)
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (IT)
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (BE)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (BR)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Lahey Hospital and Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cacciamani, Giovanni E.
- ORCID
- Eppler, Michael
- Ganjavi, Conner
- Ramacciotti, Lorenzo Storino
- Piazza, Pietro
- Rodler, Severin
- Checcucci, Enrico
- Kowalewski, Karl F.
- Puliatti, Stefano
- Taratkin, Mark
- Veccia, Alessandro
- Baekelandt, Loïc
- Teoh, Jeremy Y.-C.
- Somani, Bhaskar K.
- Wroclawski, Marcelo
- Abreu, Andre
- Porpiglia, Francesco
- Gill, Inderbir S.
- Murphy, Declan G.
- Canes, David
- Cacciamani, Giovanni E.
- Venue
- European Urology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-02
- Volume
- 85
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 146-153
- ISSN
- 0302-2838 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4388347957
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 4
- FWCI
- 4.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Urology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
- IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia) (submittedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Artificial Intelligence Applications
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Keywords
- ChatGPT, large language models, urologists, artificial intelligence in healthcare, AI use in research, ethical considerations, scientific writing, patient acceptance, urology
- MeSH terms
- Artificial Intelligence, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Language, Prospective Studies, Urology
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