ChatGPT turns two: how the AI chatbot has changed scientists’ lives
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Students may be less inclined to disclose GenAI use, given widespread awareness of the difficulty humans face in accurately detecting AI-generated text and the unreliability of current detection tools.
“Furthermore, students may be less inclined to disclose GenAI use, given widespread awareness of the difficulty humans face in accurately detecting AI-generated text 33,34,35 and the unreliability of current detection tools 36,37 .”
From Style, sentiment, and quality of undergraduate writing in the AI era: A cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of 4,820 authentic empirical reports (2025) · cites this paper as [34]
Cites
Detecting hallucinations in large language models using semantic entropy
Farquhar, S., Kossen, J., Kuhn, L., & Gal, Y. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07421-0 · Cited by 934 · see citing works
Testing of detection tools for AI-generated text
Weber-Wulff, D., Anohina-Naumeca, A., Bjelobaba, S., Foltýnek, T., Guerrero-Dib, J., Popoola, O., Šigut, P., & Waddington, L. (2023) · International Journal for Educational Integrity · doi:10.1007/s40979-023-00146-z · Cited by 582 · see citing works
Delving into LLM-assisted writing in biomedical publications through excess vocabulary
Kobak, D., González-Márquez, R., Horvát, E.-Á., & Lause, J. (2024) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2406.07016 · Cited by 214
Delving into LLM-assisted writing in biomedical publications through excess vocabulary
Kobak, D., González-Márquez, R., Horvát, E.-Á., & Lause, J. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adt3813 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Liang, W., Izzo, Z., Zhang, Y., Lepp, H., Cao, H., Zhao, X., Chen, L., Ye, H., Liu, S., Huang, Z., et al. (2024) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2403.07183 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
The Virtual Lab: AI Agents Design New SARS-CoV-2 Nanobodies with Experimental Validation
Swanson, K., Wu, W., Bulaong, N. L., Pak, J. E., & Zou, J. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.11.11.623004 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Mapping the Increasing Use of LLMs in Scientific Papers
Liang, W., Zhang, Y., Wu, Z., Lepp, H., Ji, W., Zhao, X., Cao, H., Liu, S., He, S., Huang, Z., et al. (2024) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2404.01268 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
ChatGPT "contamination": estimating the prevalence of LLMs in the scholarly literature
Gray, A. (2024) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2403.16887 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
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Mak, M. H. C., & Walasek, L. (2025) · Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100507 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Although ChatGPT was not the first publicly available GenAI chatbot, we used its launch as the cut-off point because it is widely regarded as a milestone in the mainstream adoption of GenAI (Humlum & Vestergaard, 2024; Lenharo, 2024).”
- Authors
- Lenharo, M.
- Corresponding author
- Lenharo, Mariana
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2024-12-02
- Volume
- 636
- Issue
- 8042
- Pages
- 281-282
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W4404907007
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 15
- Type
- other
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Artificial Intelligence Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Artificial Intelligence in Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Keywords
- ChatGPT, large language models, AI chatbots, research productivity, academic research, generative AI tools
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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