Practical guidelines for managing adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
Open accessAbstract
22q11.2 Deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is the most common microdeletion syndrome in humans, estimated to affect up to 1 in 2,000 live births. Major features of this multisystem condition include congenital anomalies, developmental delay, and an array of early- and later-onset medical and psychiatric disorders. Advances in pediatric care ensure a growing population of adults with 22q11.2DS. Informed by an international panel of multidisciplinary experts and a comprehensive review of the existing literature concerning adults, we present the first set of guidelines focused on managing the neuropsychiatric, endocrine, cardiovascular, reproductive, psychosocial, genetic counseling, and other issues that are the focus of attention in adults with 22q11.2DS. We propose practical strategies for the recognition, evaluation, surveillance, and management of the associated morbidities.Genet Med 17 8, 599-609.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Practical Guidelines for Managing Patients with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
Bassett, A. S., McDonald-McGinn, D. M., Devriendt, K., Digilio, M. C., Goldenberg, P., Habel, A., Marino, B., Oskarsdottir, S., Philip, N., Sullivan, K., et al. (2011) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.02.039 · Cited by 597 · see citing works
Self-citationHickey, E. J., Veldtman, G., Bradley, T. J., Gengsakul, A., Manlhiot, C., Williams, W. G., Webb, G. D., & McCrindle, B. W. (2009) · European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ejcts.2008.06.050 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 71
- [2]McDonald-McGinn DM Sullivan KE Chromosome 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome (DiGeorge syndrome/velocardiofacial syndrome) Medicine (Baltimore) 2011 90 1 18 21200182
- [3]Costain G McDonald-McGinn DM Bassett AS Prenatal genetic testing with chromosomal microarray analysis identifies major risk variants for schizophrenia and other later-onset disorders Am J Psychiatry 2013 170 1498 PMC4516409 24306343
- [4]Kaminsky EB Kaul V Paschall J An evidence-based approach to establish the functional and clinical significance of copy number variants in intellectual and developmental disabilities Genet Med 2011 13 777 784 21844811 PMC3661946
- [5]Cooper GM Coe BP Girirajan S A copy number variation morbidity map of developmental delay Nat Genet 2011 43 838 846 21841781 PMC3171215
- [6]McDonald-McGinn DM Tonnesen MK Laufer-Cahana A Phenotype of the 22q11.2 deletion in individuals identified through an affected relative: cast a wide FISHing net! Genet Med 2001 3 23 29 11339373
- [7]Vogels A Schevenels S Cayenberghs R Presenting symptoms in adults with the 22q11 deletion syndrome Eur J Med Genet 2014 57 157 162 24576609
- [8]Murphy KC Jones LA Owen MJ High rates of schizophrenia in adults with velo-cardio-facial syndrome Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999 56 940 945 10530637
- [9]Bassett AS Chow EW Husted J Clinical features of 78 adults with 22q11 seletion syndrome Am J Med Genet A 2005 138 307 313 16208694 PMC3127862
- [10]Fung WLA McEvilly R Fong J Silversides C Chow E Bassett A Elevated prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder in adults with 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome Am J Psychiatry 2010 167 998 20693476 PMC4516404
- [11]Philip N Bassett A Cognitive, behavioural and psychiatric phenotype in 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome Behav Genet 2011 41 403 412 21573985 PMC3139630
- [12]Evers LJ van Amelsvoort TA Candel MJ Boer H Engelen JJ Curfs LM Psychopathology in adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome and moderate and severe intellectual disability J Intellect Disabil Res 2014 58 915 925 24528781
- [13]Schneider M Debbane M Bassett AS International Consortium on Brain and Behavior in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. Psychiatric disorders from childhood to adulthood in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: results from the International Consortium on Brain and Behavior in 22q11. 2 Deletion Syndrome Am J Psychiatry 2014 171 627 639 24577245 PMC4285461
- [14]Hercher L Bruenner G Living with a child at risk for psychotic illness: the experience of parents coping with 22q11 deletion syndrome: an exploratory study Am J Med Genet A 2008 146A 2355 2360 18698620
- [15]Karas DJ Costain G Chow EW Bassett AS Perceived burden and neuropsychiatric morbidities in adults with 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome J Intellect Disabil Res 2014 58 198 210 23106770 PMC4516411
- [16]Butcher NJ Chow EW Costain G Karas D Ho A Bassett AS Functional outcomes of adults with 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome Genet Med 2012 14 836 843 22744446 PMC3465579
- [17]Ferrell RB Wolinsky EJ Kauffman CI Flashman LA McAllister TW Neuropsychiatric syndromes in adults with intellectual disability: issues in assessment and treatment Curr Psychiatry Rep 2004 6 380 390 15355761
- [18]Tang SX Yi JJ Calkins ME Psychiatric disorders in 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome are prevalent but undertreated Psychol Med 2014 44 1267 1277 24016317 PMC4461220
- [19]Bassett AS Chow EW Schizophrenia and 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome Curr Psychiatry Rep 2008 10 148 157 18474208 PMC3129332
- [20]Bassett AS Scherer SW Brzustowicz LM Copy number variations in schizophrenia: critical review and new perspectives on concepts of genetics and disease Am J Psychiatry 2010 167 899 914 20439386 PMC3295834
- [21]van Amelsvoort T Henry J Morris R Cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia in velo-cardio-facial syndrome Schizophr Res 2004 70 223 232 15329299
- [22]Bassett AS Chow EW AbdelMalik P Gheorghiu M Husted J Weksberg R The schizophrenia phenotype in 22q11 deletion syndrome Am J Psychiatry 2003 160 1580 1586 12944331 PMC3276594
- [23]Chow EW Watson M Young DA Bassett AS Neurocognitive profile in 22q11 deletion syndrome and schizophrenia Schizophr Res 2006 87 270 278 16753283 PMC3127863
- [24]Stoddard J Niendam T Hendren R Carter C Simon TJ Attenuated positive symptoms of psychosis in adolescents with chromosome 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome Schizophr Res 2010 118 118 121 20056393 PMC2856801
- [25]Yuen T Chow EW Silversides CK Bassett AS Premorbid adjustment and schizophrenia in individuals with 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome Schizophr Res 2013 151 221 225 24262682
- [26]Butcher N Fung WLA Fitzpatrick L Response to clozapine in a clinically identifiable subtype of schizophrenia: 22q11.2 deletions mediate side effect risk and dosage Br J Psychiatry in press PMC4459828 25745132
- [28]Antshel KM Shprintzen R Fremont W Higgins AM Faraone SV Kates WR Cognitive and psychiatric predictors to psychosis in velocardiofacial syndrome: a 3-year follow-up study J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2010 49 333 344 20410726 PMC2918883
- [29]Gothelf D Schaer M Eliez S Genes, brain development and psychiatric phenotypes in velo-cardio-facial syndrome Dev Disabil Res Rev 2008 14 59 68 18636637
- [30]Vorstman JA Breetvelt E Duijff SN A decline in verbal intelligence precedes the onset of psychosis in patients with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome JAMA Psychiatry in press PMC4383767 25715178
- [31]Martin N Mikhaelian M Cytrynbaum C 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: attitudes towards disclosing the risk of psychiatric illness J Genet Couns 2012 21 825 834 22833231 PMC3509179
- [32]Bassett AS Marshall CR Lionel AC Chow EW Scherer SW Copy number variations and risk for schizophrenia in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome Hum Mol Genet 2008 17 4045 4053 18806272 PMC2638574
- [33]Vorstman JA Breetvelt EJ Thode KI Chow EW Bassett AS Expression of autism spectrum and schizophrenia in patients with a 22q11.2 deletion Schizophr Res 2013 143 55 59 23153825
- [34]Swillen A Vandeputte L Cracco J Neuropsychological, learning and psychosocial profile of primary school aged children with the velo-cardio-facial syndrome (22q11 deletion): evidence for a nonverbal learning disability? Child Neuropsychol 1999 5 230 241 10925707
- [35]Swillen A Vogels A Devriendt K Fryns JP Chromosome 22q11 deletion syndrome: update and review of the clinical features, cognitive-behavioral spectrum, and psychiatric complications Am J Med Genet 2000 97 128 135 11180220
- [36]De Smedt B Swillen A Verschaffel L Ghesquiere P Mathematical learning disabilities in children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a review Dev Disabil Res Rev 2009 15 4 10 19213009
- [37]Henry JC van Amelsvoort T Morris RG Owen MJ Murphy DG Murphy KC An investigation of the neuropsychological profile in adults with velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) Neuropsychologia 2002 40 471 478 11749977
- [38]Kao A Mariani J McDonald-McGinn DM Increased prevalence of unprovoked seizures in patients with a 22q11.2 deletion Am J Med Genet A 2004 129A 29 34 15266612
- [39]Andrade DM Krings T Chow EW Kiehl TR Bassett AS Hippocampal malrotation is associated with chromosome 22q11.2 microdeletion Can J Neurol Sci 2013 40 652 656 23968937 PMC4459860
- [40]Ryan AK Goodship JA Wilson DI Spectrum of clinical features associated with interstitial chromosome 22q11 deletions: a European collaborative study J Med Genet 1997 34 798 804 9350810 PMC1051084
- [41]Cheung EN George SR Andrade DM Chow EW Silversides CK Bassett AS Neonatal hypocalcemia, neonatal seizures, and intellectual disability in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome Genet Med 2014 16 40 44 23765047 PMC4459858
- [42]Gonzalez W Bautista RE Seizures and EEG findings in an adult patient with DiGeorge syndrome: a case report and review of the literature Seizure 2009 18 648 651 19665396
- [43]Choi JH Shin YL Kim GH Endocrine manifestations of chromosome 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome Horm Res 2005 63 294 299 15995343
- [44]Cuneo BF Driscoll DA Gidding SS Langman CB Evolution of latent hypoparathyroidism in familial 22q11 deletion syndrome Am J Med Genet 1997 69 50 55 9066883
- [45]Kar PS Ogoe B Poole R Meeking D Di-George syndrome presenting with hypocalcaemia in adulthood: two case reports and a review J Clin Pathol 2005 58 655 657 15917421 PMC1770695
- [46]Cheung EN George SR Costain GA Prevalence of hypocalcaemia and its associated features in 22q11·2 deletion syndrome Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014 81 190 196 24735350 PMC4231257
- [47]Brauner R Le Harivel de Gonneville A Kindermans C Parathyroid function and growth in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome J Pediatr 2003 142 504 508 12756381
- [48]Kawame H Adachi M Tachibana K Graves’ disease in patients with 22q11.2 deletion J Pediatr 2001 139 892 895 11743521
- [49]Guzman ML Delgado I Lay-Son G Willans E Puga A Repetto GM Growth in Chilean infants with chromosome 22q11 microdeletion syndrome Am J Med Genet A 2012 158A 2682 2686 22887857
- [50]Gennery AR Immunological aspects of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome Cell Mol Life Sci 2012 69 17 27 21984609 PMC11114664
- [51]Sullivan KE Jawad AF Randall P Lack of correlation between impaired T cell production, immunodeficiency, and other phenotypic features in chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndromes Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1998 86 141 146 9473376
- [52]Matsuoka R Kimura M Scambler PJ Molecular and clinical study of 183 patients with conotruncal anomaly face syndrome Hum Genet 1998 103 70 80 9737780
- [53]Bretelle F Beyer L Pellissier MC Prenatal and postnatal diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome Eur J Med Genet 2010 53 367 370 20659598
- [54]John AS McDonald-McGinn DM Zackai EH Goldmuntz E Aortic root dilation in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome Am J Med Genet A 2009 149A 939 942 19353635 PMC4080309
- [55]Warnes CA Williams RG Bashore TM American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines on the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease); American Society of Echocardiography; Heart Rhythm Society; International Society for Adult Congenital Heart Disease; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions; Society of Thoracic Surgeons ACC/AHA 2008 guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines on the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease). Developed in Collaboration With the American Society of Echocardiography, Heart Rhythm Society, International Society for Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons J Am Coll Cardiol 2008 52 e143 e263 19038677
- [56]Silversides CK Kiess M Beauchesne L Canadian Cardiovascular Society 2009 Consensus Conference on the management of adults with congenital heart disease: outflow tract obstruction, coarctation of the aorta, tetralogy of Fallot, Ebstein anomaly and Marfan’s syndrome Can J Cardiol 2010 26 e80 e97 20352138 PMC2851472
- [57]Gatzoulis MA Walters J McLaughlin PR Merchant N Webb GD Liu P Late arrhythmia in adults with the mustard procedure for transposition of great arteries: a surrogate marker for right ventricular dysfunction? Heart 2000 84 409 415 10995411 PMC1729461
- [58]Ghai A Silversides C Harris L Webb GD Siu SC Therrien J Left ventricular dysfunction is a risk factor for sudden cardiac death in adults late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot J Am Coll Cardiol 2002 40 1675 1680 12427422
- [60]Costain G Chow EW Silversides CK Bassett AS Sex differences in reproductive fitness contribute to preferential maternal transmission of 22q11.2 deletions J Med Genet 2011 48 819 824 22051516
- [61]Tarquinio DC Jones MC Jones KL Bird LM Growth charts for 22q11 deletion syndrome Am J Med Genet A 2012 158A 2672 2681 22887711
- [62]Besseau-Ayasse J Violle-Poirsier C Bazin A A French collaborative survey of 272 fetuses with 22q11.2 deletion: ultrasound findings, fetal autopsies and pregnancy outcomes Prenat Diagn 2014 34 424 430 24395195
- [63]Hatton R Colman JM Sermer M Grewal J Silversides CK Cardiac risks and management of complications in pregnant women with congenital heart disease Future Cardiol 2012 8 315 327 22413989
- [64]Costain G Chow EW Ray PN Bassett AS Caregiver and adult patient perspectives on the importance of a diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome J Intellect Disabil Res 2012 56 641 651 22142442 PMC4459829
- [65]Krahn LE Maraganore DM Michels VV Childhood-onset schizophrenia associated with parkinsonism in a patient with a microdeletion of chromosome 22 Mayo Clin Proc 1998 73 956 959 9787744
- [66]Booij J van Amelsvoort T Boot E Co-occurrence of early-onset Parkinson disease and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: potential role for dopamine transporter imaging Am J Med Genet A 2010 152A 2937 2938 20949509
- [67]Butcher N Kiehl T Hazrati L Individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome are at increased risk of early-onset Parkinson disease: identification of a novel genetic form of Parkinson disease and its clinical implications JAMA Neurol 2013 1359 1366 24018986 PMC4464823
- [68]Bassett AS Chow EW Husted J Premature death in adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome J Med Genet 2009 46 324 330 19246480 PMC3188306
- [69]Gerdes M Solot C Wang PP McDonald-McGinn DM Zackai EH Taking advantage of early diagnosis: preschool children with the 22q11.2 deletion Genet Med 2001 3 40 44 11339376
- [70]McDonald-McGinn DM Zackai EH Genetic counseling for the 22q11.2 deletion Dev Disabil Res Rev 2008 14 69 74 18636638
- [71]Vantrappen G Devriendt K Swillen A Presenting symptoms and clinical features in 130 patients with the velo-cardio-facial syndrome. The Leuven experience Genet Couns 1999 10 3 9 10191424
- [72]Digilio MC Angioni A De Santis M Spectrum of clinical variability in familial deletion 22q11.2: from full manifestation to extremely mild clinical anomalies Clin Genet 2003 63 308 313 12702165
- [73]Devriendt K Swillen A Fryns JP Proesmans W Gewillig M Renal and urological tract malformations caused by a 22q11 deletion J Med Genet 1996 33 349 PMC1050591 8730297
- [74]Finucane B Genetic counseling for women with intellectual disabilities LeRoy BS Veach PM Bartels DM Genetic Counseling Practice: Advanced Concepts and Skills Wiley-Blackwell Hoboken, NJ 2010 281 303
Cited by
Sorted by citations
McDonald-McGinn, D. M., Sullivan, K. E., Marino, B., Philip, N., Swillen, A., Vorstman, J. A. S., Zackai, E. H., Emanuel, B. S., Vermeesch, J. R., Morrow, B. E., et al. (2015) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.71 · Cited by 2,236 · see citing works
Self-citationGenomic Disorders in Psychiatry-What Does the Clinician Need to Know?
Lowther, C., Costain, G., Baribeau, D. A., & Bassett, A. S. (2017) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0831-5 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationSantambrogio, J., Colmegna, F., Di Brita, C., Merra, A., Bertelli, M. O., & Clerici, M. (2020) · Rivista di Psichiatria · doi:10.1708/3333.33025 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Fung, W. L. A., Butcher, N. J., Costain, G., Andrade, D. M., Boot, E., Chow, E. W. C., Chung, B., Cytrynbaum, C., Faghfoury, H., Fishman, L., García-Miñaúr, S., George, S., Lang, A. E., Repetto, G., Shugar, A., Silversides, C., Swillen, A., van Amelsvoort, T., McDonald-McGinn, D. M., & Bassett, A. S.
- Affiliations
- University Health Network (CA)
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Hospital for Sick Children (CA)
- Mount Sinai Hospital (CA)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Clínica Alemana (CL)
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Bassett, Anne S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Genetics in Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-08
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 599-609
- ISSN
- 1098-3600 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4526275
- OpenAlex
- W2125734713
- Cited by
- 312
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 13
- FWCI
- 5.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Genetics in Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Fondation Brain Canada
- Canada Research Chairs
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP #111238, MOP #97800, 111238, 97800, 107520_1)
- National Institute of Mental Health (U01MH101723)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genomic variations and chromosomal abnormalities
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunodeficiency and Autoimmune Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
- Keywords
- 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, neuropsychiatric disorders, endocrine disorders, cardiovascular disease, reproductive health, psychosocial problems, genetic counseling, surveillance (medicine), congenital malformations, developmental delay
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Chromosome Deletion, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22, DiGeorge Syndrome, Female, Genetic Testing, Humans, Male, Practice Guidelines as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review