Cited by 187Obesity, Physical Activity, DietNutrition, Health and Food BehaviorRegulation of Appetite and Obesity

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Obesity and the built environment: changes in environmental cues cause energy imbalances

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Cohen, D A·2008·International Journal of Obesity

DOI 10.1038/ijo.2008.250PMC PMC3741102

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Abstract

The past 30 years have seen dramatic changes in the food and physical activity environments, both of which contribute to the changes in human behavior that could explain obesity. This paper reviews documented changes in the food environment, changes in the physical activity environment and the mechanisms through which people respond to these environments, often without conscious awareness or control. The most important environmental changes have been increases in food accessibility, food salience and decreases in the cost of food. The increases in food marketing and advertising create food cues that artificially stimulate people to feel hungry. The existence of a metabolic pathway that allows excess energy to be stored as fat suggests that people were designed to overeat. Many internal mechanisms favor neurophysiologic responses to food cues that result in overconsumption. External cues, such as food abundance, food variety and food novelty, cause people to override internal signals of satiety. Other factors, such as conditioning and priming, tie food to other desirable outcomes, and thus increase the frequency that hunger is stimulated by environmental cues. People's natural response to the environmental cues are colored by framing, and judgments are flawed and biased depending on how information is presented. People lack insight into how the food environment affects them, and subsequently are unable to change the factors that are responsible for excessive energy consumption. Understanding the causal pathway for overconsumption will be necessary to interrupt the mechanisms that lead to obesity.

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Authors: Cohen, D. A.
Affiliations: RAND Corporation (US)
Corresponding author: Cohen, D A
ORCID: Cohen, D A
Venue: International Journal of Obesity
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2008-12
Volume: 32
Issue: S7
Pages: S137-S142
ISSN: 0307-0565 (ISSN-L)
1476-5497
DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2008.250
PMC: PMC3741102
OpenAlex: W2080279374
Cited by: 187
References: 47
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 1.26
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: International Journal of Obesity (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA013749)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Keywords: obesity, built environment, food environment, physical activity environment, environmental cues, food access, food marketing, food advertising, hunger, satiety, energy imbalance, overeating, food cues, priming, framing effects, food costs, dietary diversity
MeSH terms: Advertising, Cues, Eating, Environment, Environment Design, Feeding Behavior, Food Supply, Humans, Obesity, Exercise

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Obesity and the built environment: changes in environmental cues cause energy imbalances

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