The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxides (USPIOs): a future alternative magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agent for patients at risk for nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF)?
Open accessAbstract
Gadolinium (Gd) based contrast agents (GBCAs) in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are used in daily clinical practice and appear safe in most patients; however, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is a recently recognized severe complication associated with GBCAs. It affects primarily patients with renal disease, such as stage 4 or 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD; glomerular filtration rate <30 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)), acute kidney injury, or kidney and liver transplant recipients with kidney dysfunction. Contrast-enhanced MRI and computed tomography (CT) scans provide important clinical information and influence patient management. An alternative contrast agent is needed to obtain adequate imaging results while avoiding the risk of NSF in this vulnerable patient group. One potential alternative is ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles, which provide enhancement characteristics similar to GBCAs. We review our experience in approximately 150 patients on the potential benefits of the USPIOs ferumoxtran-10 and ferumoxytol. We focus on central nervous system (CNS) MRI but also review imaging of other vascular beds. Safety studies, including USPIO administration (ferumoxytol) as iron supplement therapy in CKD patients on and not on dialysis, suggest that decreased kidney function does not alter the safety profile. We conclude that for both CNS MR imaging and MR angiography, USPIO agents like ferumoxytol are a viable option for patients at risk for NSF.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“SPION with a hydrodynamic diameter of 20-30 nm, which are referred to as ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) [154], show a prolonged circulation time and therefore are favorable for lymphography [155], for imaging inflammation [140] and for blood pool imaging [156].”
From Iron oxide nanoparticles: Diagnostic, therapeutic and theranostic applications (2019) · cites this paper as [154]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Gadolinium(III) Chelates as MRI Contrast Agents: Structure, Dynamics, and Applications
Caravan, P. D., Ellison, J. J., McMurry, T. J., & Lauffer, R. B. (1999) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr980440x · Cited by 4,571
Jung, C. W., & Jacobs, P. M. (1995) · Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1016/0730-725x(95)00024-b · Cited by 625
Gadolinium and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
Grobner, T., & Prischl, F. C. (2007) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5002338 · Cited by 293
Capacity of human monocytes to phagocytose approved iron oxide MR contrast agents in vitro
Metz, S., Bonaterra, G. A., Rudelius, M., Settles, M., Rummeny, E., & Daldrup-Link, H. E. (2004) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-004-2405-2 · Cited by 246
Li, W., Tutton, S., Vu, A. T., Pierchala, L., Li, B. S. Y., Lewis, J. M., Prasad, P. V., & Edelman, R. R. (2004) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.20235 · Cited by 233
Corot, C., Petry, K. G., Trivedi, R. A., Saleh, A., Jonkmanns, C., Bas, J. L., Blezer, E. L. A., Rausch, M., Brochet, B., Foster‐Gareau, P., et al. (2004) · Investigative Radiology · doi:10.1097/01.rli.0000135980.08491.33 · Cited by 229
Neuwelt, E. A., Várallyay, P., Bagó, A. G., Muldoon, L. L., Nesbit, G. M., & Nixon, R. A. (2004) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.2004.00557.x · Cited by 218
Neuwelt, E. A., Várallyay, C. G., Manninger, S., Solymosi, D., Haluska, M., Hunt, M. A., Nesbit, G., Stevens, A., Jerosch-Herold, M., Jacobs, P. M., et al. (2007) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000255350.71700.37 · Cited by 184
Vellinga, M. M., Oude Engberink, R. D., Seewann, A., Pouwels, P. J. W., Wattjes, M. P., van der Pol, S. M. A., Pering, C., Polman, C. H., de Vries, H. E., Geurts, J. J. G., et al. (2008) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awn009 · Cited by 183
Várallyay, P., Nesbit, G. M., Muldoon, L. L., Nixon, R. R., Delashaw, J. B., Cohen, J. I., Petrillo, A., Rink, D., & Neuwelt, E. A. (2002) · PubMed Central · Cited by 149
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–267 of 267
Gitsioudis, G., Fortner, P., Stuber, M., Missiou, A., André, F., Müller, O. J., Katus, H. A., & Korosoglou, G. (2016) · International journal of cardiac imaging · doi:10.1007/s10554-016-0955-4 · Cited by 5
Applications of Multifunctional Nanoparticles in Malignant Brain Tumours
Cg, H., Bouras, A., & Chang, S. D. (2013) · Journal für Kardiologie (Krause & Pachernegg GmbH) · Cited by 5
Gitsioudis, G., Stuber, M., Arend, I., Thomas, M., Yu, J., Hilbel, T., Giannitsis, E., Katus, H. A., & Korosoglou, G. (2013) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.24043 · Cited by 4
The Magnetic Nanoparticle Actions: A Subtle Border Between Biomedicine and Toxicology
Vargas-Ortíz, J. R., González, C., & Esquivel, K. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-0221-3_2 · Cited by 4
Industrial Applications of Ionic Liquids
Mutelet, F. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.100788 · Cited by 4
Gadofosveset injection for magnetic resonance angiography
Chiribiri, A., Morton, G., & Nagel, E. C. (2010) · Imaging in Medicine · doi:10.2217/iim.10.39 · Cited by 4
Preliminary experience with intravenous gadoxetate disodium as a craniospinal MR contrast agent
McKinney, A. M., Gawande, R. S., Pezeshk, P., Truwit, C. L., & Rykken, J. (2015) · European Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2015.09.004 · Cited by 4
Shen, Y., Yan, L., Shao, X., Zhao, B., Bai, J., Lu, W., & Wang, D. J. J. (2018) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s169860 · Cited by 4
Lu, Z., Yin, H., Xiang, P., Yi, X., Tian, X., & Gong, Q. (2025) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.70237 · Cited by 4
Zapata-Acevedo, J. F., Losada-Barragán, M., Osma, J. F., Cruz, J. C., Reiber, A., Petry, K. G., Caillard, A., Sauldubois, A., Pérez, D. L., Morillo, A. J., et al. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0302031 · Cited by 3
Nanotechnology: A non-invasive diagnosis and therapeutic tool for brain disorders
Amit, A., Sabahuddin, S., Mukta, A., Ajazuddin, M., Ahmed, M. S., Mahmoud, A. S., Syed, A. U. R., Mohi, I. M. A., & Mohamed, A. S. (2019) · African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.5897/ajpp2019.5008 · Cited by 3
Goodwill, P. W., Krishnan, K. M., & Conolly, S. (2012) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b11760-26 · Cited by 3
Theranostics Nanoformulations: Merging Diagnostics and Nanotherapeutics
Khot, S. V., Rawal, S. U., & Patel, M. M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41858-8_4 · Cited by 3
Bimodal intravascular volumetric imaging combining OCT and MPI
Latus, S., Griese, F., Schlüter, M., Otte, C., Möddel, M., Gräser, M., Saathoff, T., Knopp, T., & Schlaefer, A. (2019) · tub.dok (Hamburg University of Technology) · Cited by 3
Toxicity Assessment of Nanoferrites
Tasso, M., Ghilini, F., Cathcarth, M., & Picco, A. S. (2021) · Topics in mining, metallurgy and materials engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-79960-1_9 · Cited by 3
Measurement of Kidney Perfusion in Critically Ill Patients
Schneider, A. G., Goodwin, M. D., & Bellomo, R. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-35109-9_51 · Cited by 3
Laurent, S., Elst, L. V., & Müller, R. N. (2009) · EMC - Radiologie et imagerie médicale - Principes et techniques - Radioprotection · doi:10.1016/s1879-8497(09)72876-6 · Cited by 2
Shah, A. S., Neitzel, E., Panda, A., & Fananapazir, G. (2024) · Abdominal Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00261-024-04268-x · Cited by 2
A novel blood-pooling MR contrast agent: Carboxymethyl-diethylaminoethyl dextran magnetite
Sonoda, A., Nitta, N., Tsuchiya, K., Nitta‐Seko, A., Ohta, S., Otani, H., & Murata, K. (2016) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2016.5874 · Cited by 2
Imaging patients with renal impairment
Mathur, M., & Weinreb, J. C. (2016) · Abdominal Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00261-016-0709-8 · Cited by 2
MRI Applications: Classification According to Their Biodistribution
Laurent, S., Henoumont, C., Stanicki, D., Boutry, S., Lipani, E., Belaïd, S., Müller, R. N., & Elst, L. V. (2016) · SpringerBriefs in applied sciences and technology · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-2529-7_6 · Cited by 2
Iron-Based Ionic Liquids for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Application
Gehlot, P. S., & Kumar, A. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.107948 · Cited by 2
Abdel-Mottaleb, M. M. A., Pellequer, Y., Abd-Allah, H., El-Gogary, R. I., & Nasr, M. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-19012-4.00016-3 · Cited by 2
Super High Contrast USPIO-Enhanced Cerebrovascular Angiography Using Ultrashort Time-to-Echo MRI
Timms, L., Zhou, T., Qiao, J., Gharagouzloo, C. A., Mishra, V., Lahoud, R. M., Chen, J. W., Harisinghani, M. G., & Sridhar, S. (2024) · International Journal of Biomedical Imaging · doi:10.1155/2024/9763364 · Cited by 1
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Bone Marrow Contrast Media for Bone Marrow Imaging
Golovko, D. M., Sutton, E. J., & Daldrup-Link, H. E. (2012) · Medical radiology · doi:10.1007/174_2012_577 · Cited by 1
Nanoimaging and neurological surgery
Grosu, I. D., Toms, M. A., & Toms, S. A. (2010) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1002/wnan.106 · Cited by 1
Degnan, A. J., & Devulapalli, K. K. (2013) · Imaging in Medicine · doi:10.2217/iim.13.57 · Cited by 1
Molecular MRI of Atherosclerosis with USPIO
Sigovan, M., & Canet‐Soulas, E. (2012) · Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports · doi:10.1007/s12410-012-9174-0 · Cited by 2
MR Angiography Contrast Agents
Pesaresi, I., & Cosottini, M. (2010) · Medical radiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-79717-3_2 · Cited by 1
Ittrich, H., Peldschus, K., Raabe, N., Kaul, M. G., & Adam, G. (2013) · Cited by 1
Magnetic Resonance Contrast Agents for Neuroradiology
Bolles, G., & Spampinato, M. V. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800945-1.00020-3 · Cited by 1
Tedla, G. E. (2018) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) · Cited by 1
Urothelial Carcinoma (Bladder Cancer and Upper Tracts)
Ibarra-Rovira, J. J., Kamat, A. M., Siefker-Radtke, A. O., & Kundra, V. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-69538-1.00020-3 · Cited by 1
Withaferin A Targets Hsp90 in Pancreatic Cancer Cells.
Yu, Y. (2011) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · Cited by 1
Quantitative contrast-enhanced MRI of the microvasculature
Oosterdorp, M. (2010) · doi:10.26481/dis.20100115mo
Macrophages loaded with gold nanoshells for photothermal ablation of glioma: An in vitro model
Makkouk, A. (2020) · Digital Scholarship - UNLV (University of Nevada Reno) · doi:10.34917/2153870
A Quantum Mechanical Review of Magnetic Resonance ImagingPreprint
Odaibo, S. G. (2012) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1210.0946
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in ESRD Patients: What are the Options?
Perazella, M. A. (2014) · Seminars in Dialysis · doi:10.1111/sdi.12271
Post Beamforming Adaptive Second Order Volterra Filter (Asovf) For Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic Imaging
Al‐Mistarihi, M. F. (2007) · INFM-OAR (INFN Catania) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.40422
Emerging cardiovascular molecular imaging approaches.
Siegel, C. D., Nahrendorf, M., & Weissleder, R. (2009) · El Repositorio Academico Digital de la UANL (Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León)
A Small Scale Magnetic Particle Relaxometer
Ghamrawy, A. E. (2013) · OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries)
Jin, R., Lin, B., Li, D., & Ai, H. (2014)
Dortch, J. D., Bridges, M. D., Frey, G. T., Sella, D. M., Oldenburg, W. A., Farres, H., Smith, E. K., Lanigan, H., & Hakaim, A. G. (2016) · Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery · doi:10.21767/2573-4482.100028
Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging with magnetic nanoparticles
Gharagouzloo, C. A. (2016) · doi:10.17760/d20211451
Tyurikova, I. A. (2018) · В мире научных открытий · doi:10.12731/wsd-2018-2-116-128
Hamad, S. R. (2019) · The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology · doi:10.1186/s41936-019-0097-z
Imaging of Acute Renal Failure in the Hospital Setting
Alabousi, M., Alabousi, A., & Patlas, M. N. (2019) · Radiologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.rcl.2019.08.001
Zhou, I. Y., Montesi, S. B., Akam, E. A., & Caravan, P. D. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00077-6
Current Awareness in Contrast Media and Molecular Imaging
(2009) · Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1002/cmmi.247
Current Awareness in NMR in Biomedicine
(2009) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.1336
Mucelli, R. P., Faccioli, N., & Manfredi, R. M. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-85689-4_16
Application of Magnetic Colloids in Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering
Rivera-Llabres, V. G., Gentry, K., & Rinaldi, C. (2023) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/bk9781839169755-00410
Faridnejad, H. (2023) · Biostatistics and Biometrics Open Access Journal · doi:10.19080/bboaj.2022.11.555810
Setia, A., Mehata, A. K., Priya, V., Malik, A. K., Vikas, V., & Muthu, M. S. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-19012-4.00010-2
Li, S., Shih, S., Pogosyan, A., Ming, Z., Dale, B. M., Han, F., Finn, J. P., Nguyen, K., & Zhong, X. (2025) · Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance · doi:10.1016/j.jocmr.2025.101931
Effects of mRNA-VEGF@USPIO magnetic resonance probe on endothelial injury in cerebral aneurysm
Zhao, J., Li, J., Lu, H., Chen, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, X., & Zhao, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1632617
Kumar, K. P., Amalraj, A. C., Jayaraj, G., & Parthasarathy, V. P. (2025) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5c00953
Renal-Targeted Inulin-Based Gd/Zn Hybrids for Safe MRI Contrast and Early Fibrosis Mitigation
Wang, D., Zhang, W., Chen, L., Mai, Y., Wang, H., Miao, Z., & Zhao, Y. (2026) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s564432
Sun, Y., Wang, K., & Ye, T. (2026) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-026-01705-x
Bahhaj, F. E. (2014) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/3f140dd9z5f61z450az82ebz6ce2a732ee06
Agudelo, J. P. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/7e2a3e12z1d1az4ff8zba53za5c2c8a13381
USPIO enhanced MR imaging in CNS tumors (UMIC): a study protocol
Breese, J., Lloyd, W. K., Fothergill, A., Djoukhadar, I., Tyler, A., Bullock, E., Cloran, K., Li, K., Zhu, X., Alfaifi, B. Q., et al. (2026) · Nanomedicine · doi:10.1080/17435889.2026.2681555
Engineering iron oxide nanoparticles for enhanced radiosensitization
Ternad, I., Lecomte, V., Beauchot, E., Stassin, C., Heuskin, A., Vangijzegem, T., Penninckx, S., Renard, H., Boutry, S., Michiels, C., et al. (2026) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d6ra00750c
Metadata
- Authors
- Neuwelt, E. A., Hamilton, B. E., Varallyay, C. G., Rooney, W. R., Edelman, R. D., Jacobs, P. M., & Watnick, S. G.
- Affiliations
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- National Cancer Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Neuwelt, Edward A.
- Venue
- Kidney International
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 465-474
- ISSN
- 0085-2538 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2643331
- OpenAlex
- W2069746446
- Cited by
- 267
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 7.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Kidney International (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Covis Pharma
- National Institutes of Health
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA137488)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS 33618, R01NS053468, R37NS044687, NS34608, R01NS033618, R01NS044687, R01NS034608, NS-44687)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (EB007258, R01EB007258)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Lanthanide and Transition Metal Complexes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Characterization and Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles
- Keywords
- ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide, ferumoxytol, ferumoxtran-10, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, gadolinium-based contrast agents, MRI contrast agents, chronic kidney disease, magnetic resonance angiography, iron supplementation, contrast media safety
- MeSH terms
- Central Nervous System, Chronic Disease, Contrast Media, Dextrans, Gadolinium, Glomerular Filtration Rate, Humans, Iron, Kidney Diseases, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Oxides, Risk Factors, Magnetic Resonance Angiography, Ferrosoferric Oxide, Nanoparticles, Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy, Magnetite Nanoparticles
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
