Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 185

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

MoOx and V2Ox as hole and electron transport layers through functionalized intercalation in normal and inverted organic optoelectronic devices

Open access
Li, Xinchen, Xie, Fengxian, Zhang, Shaoqing, Hou, Jianhui, Choy, Wallace CH·2015·Light: Science & Applications
DOI 10.1038/lsa.2015.46
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

To achieve fabrication and cost competitiveness in organic optoelectronic devices that include organic solar cells (OSCs) and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), it is desirable to have one type of material that can simultaneously function as both the electron and hole transport layers (ETLs and HTLs) of the organic devices in all device architectures (i.e., normal and inverted architectures). We address this issue by proposing and demonstrating Cs-intercalated metal oxides (with various Cs mole ratios) as both the ETL and HTL of an organic optoelectronic device with normal and inverted device architectures. Our results demonstrate that the new approach works well for widely used transition metal oxides of molybdenum oxide (MoOx) and vanadium oxide (V2Ox). Moreover, the Cs-intercalated metal-oxide-based ETL and HTL can be easily formed under the conditions of a room temperature, water-free and solution-based process. These conditions favor practical applications of OSCs and OLEDs. Notably, with the analyses of the Kelvin Probe System, our approach of Cs-intercalated metal oxides with a wide mole ratio range of transition metals (Mo or V)/Cs from 1∶0 to 1∶0.75 can offer significant and continuous work function tuning as large as 1.31 eV for functioning as both an ETL and HTL. Consequently, our method of intercalated metal oxides can contribute to the emerging large-scale and low-cost organic optoelectronic devices. Caesium-intercalated metal oxides can act as both hole and electron transport layers in organic optoelectronic devices, shown by a team in China. The use of a single material for both layers will reduce the cost of fabricating organic solar cells (OSCs) and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The researchers, who are from the University of Hong Kong and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, use molybdenum and vanadium oxides intercalated with different caesium mole ratios for both hole and electron transport layers; previously, these metal oxides have generally been used for the hole transport layer only. The results reveal that these caesium-intercalated metal oxides provide efficient performance and good adaptability for OSCs and OLEDs with both conventional and inverted device architectures. This approach can simplify the fabrication of OSCs and OLEDs and has great potential for organic optoelectronic devices.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/lsa.2015.46

Cites

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

No references could be resolved yet.

Research works printed but not linked: 47

  1. Mihailetchi VD, Koster LJ, Hummelen JC, Blom PW . Photocurrent generation in polymer-fullerene bulk heterojunctions. Phys Rev Lett 2004; 93: 216601. · DOI · Paper page
  2. Koster LJ, Smits EC, Mihailetchi VD, Blom PW . Device model for the operation of polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells. Phys Rev B 2005; 72: 085205. · DOI · Paper page
  3. Peet J, Kim JY, Coates NE, Ma WL, Moses D et al. Efficiency enhancement in low-bandgap polymer solar cells by processing with alkane dithiols. Nat Mater 2007; 6: 497– 500. · DOI · Paper page
  4. He Z, Zhong C, Su S, Xu M, Wu H et al. Enhanced power-conversion efficiency in polymer solar cells using an inverted device structure. Nat Photonics 2012; 6: 591– 595. · DOI · Paper page
  5. You J, Dou L, Yoshimura K, Kato T, Ohya K et al. A polymer tandem solar cell with 10.6% power conversion efficiency. Nat Commun 2013; 4: 1446. · DOI · Paper page
  6. Reineke S, Lindner F, Schwartz G, Seidler N, Walzer K et al. White organic light-emitting diodes with fluorescent tube efficiency. Nature 2009; 459: 234– 238. · DOI · Paper page
  7. Zheng H, Zheng Y, Liu N, Ai N, Wang Q et al. All-solution processed polymer light-emitting diode displays. Nat Commun 2013; 4: 1971. · DOI
  8. Zhang Q, Li B, Huang S, Nomura H, Tanaka H et al. Efficient blue organic light-emitting diodes employing thermally activated delayed fluorescence. Nat Photonics 2014; 8: 326– 332. · DOI · Paper page
  9. Cao Y, Yu G, Parker ID, Heeger AJ . Ultrathin layer alkaline earth metals as stable electron-injecting electrodes for polymer light emitting diodes. J Appl Phys 2000; 88: 3618– 3623. · doi:10.1063/1.1289518
  10. Shrotriya V, Li G, Yao Y, Chu CW, Yang Y . Transition metal oxides as the buffer layer for polymer photovoltaic cells. Appl Phys Lett 2006; 88: 073508. · DOI · Paper page
  11. Li G, Chu CW, Shrotriya V, Huang J, Yang Y . Efficient inverted polymer solar cells. Appl Phys Lett 2006; 88: 253503. · DOI · Paper page
  12. Han S, Shin WS, Seo M, Gupta D, Moon SJ et al. Improving performance of organic solar cells using amorphous tungsten oxides as an interfacial buffer layer on transparent anodes. Org Electron 2009; 10: 791– 797. · DOI · Paper page
  13. Stubhan T, Li N, Luechinger NA, Halim SC, Matt GJ et al. High fill factor polymer solar cells incorporating a low temperature solution processed WO3 hole extraction layer. Adv Energy Mater 2012; 2: 1433– 1438. · doi:10.1002/aenm.201200330
  14. Ratcliff EL, Meyer J, Steirer KX, Garcia A, Berry JJ et al. Evidence for near-surface NiOOH species in solution-processed NiOx selective interlayer materials: impact on energetics and the performance of polymer bulk heterojunction photovoltaics. Chem Mater 2011; 23: 4988– 5000. · DOI · Paper page
  15. Garcia A, Welch GC, Ratcliff EL, Ginley DS, Bazan GC et al. Improvement of interfacial contacts for new small-molecule bulk-heterojunction organic photovoltaics. Adv Mater 2012; 24: 5368– 5373. · DOI
  16. de Jong MP, van IJzendoorn LJ, de Voigt MJA . Stability of the interface between indium-tin-oxide and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) in polymer light-emitting diodes. Appl Phys Lett 2000; 77: 2255– 2257. · doi:10.1063/1.1315344
  17. Wong KW, Yip HL, Luo Y, Wong KY, Lau WM et al. Blocking reactions between indium-tin oxide and poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulphonate) with a self-assembly monolayer. Appl Phys Lett 2002; 80: 2788– 2790. · DOI
  18. Ionescu-Zanetti C, Mechler A, Carter SA, Lal R . Semiconductive polymer blends: correlating structure with transport properties at the nanoscale. Adv Mater 2004; 16: 385– 389. · doi:10.1002/adma.200305747
  19. Kim JY, Kim SH, Lee HH, Lee K, Ma W et al. New Architecture for high-efficiency polymer photovoltaic cells using solution-based titanium oxide as an optical spacer. Adv Mater 2006; 18: 572– 576. · DOI · Paper page
  20. Wang J, Polleux J, Lim J, Dunn B . Pseudocapacitive contributions to electrochemical energy storage in TiO2 (anatase) nanoparticles. J Phys Chem C 2007; 111: 14925– 14931. · DOI · Paper page
  21. Gilot J, Barbu I, Wienk MM, Janssen RAJ . The use of ZnO as optical spacer in polymer solar cells: theoretical and experimental study. Appl Phys Lett 2007; 91: 113520. · doi:10.1063/1.2784961
  22. Sun Y, Seo JH, Takacs CJ, Seifter J, Heeger AJ . Inverted polymer solar cells integrated with a low-temperature-annealed sol–gel-derived ZnO film as an electron transport layer. Adv Mater 2011; 23: 1679– 1683. · DOI · Paper page
  23. Kyaw AKK, Wang DH, Wynands D, Zhang J, Nguyen TQ et al. Improved light harvesting and improved efficiency by insertion of an optical spacer (ZnO) in solution-processed small-molecule solar cells. Nano Lett 2013; 13: 3796– 3801. · DOI · Paper page
  24. Trost S, Zilberberg K, Behrendt A, Riedl T . Room-temperature solution processed SnOx as an electron extraction layer for inverted organic solar cells with superior thermal stability. J Mater Chem 2012; 22: 16224– 16229. · doi:10.1039/c2jm33445c
  25. Tan Za, Zhang W, Cui C, Ding Y, Qian D et al. Solution-processed vanadium oxide as a hole collection layer on an ITO electrode for high-performance polymer solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14: 14589– 14595. · DOI
  26. Wang F, Xu Q, Tan Z, Qian D, Ding Y et al. Alcohol soluble titanium(IV) oxide bis(2,4-pentanedionate) as electron collection layer for efficient inverted polymer solar cells. Org Electron 2012; 13: 2429– 2435. · DOI
  27. Xie F, Choy WCH, Wang C, Li X, Zhang S et al. Low-temperature solution-processed hydrogen molybdenum and vanadium bronzes for an efficient hole-transport layer in organic electronics. Adv Mater 2013; 25: 2051– 2055. · doi:10.1002/adma.201204425
  28. Tan Za, Qian D, Zhang W, Li L, Ding Y et al. Efficient and stable polymer solar cells with solution-processed molybdenum oxide interfacial layer. J Mater Chem A 2013; 1: 657– 664. · DOI
  29. Li X, Choy WCH, Xie F, Zhang S, Hou J . Room-temperature solution-processed molybdenum oxide as a hole transport layer with Ag nanoparticles for highly efficient inverted organic solar cells. J Mater Chem A 2013; 1: 6614– 6621. · doi:10.1039/c3ta10531h
  30. Hadipour A, Müller R, Heremans P . Room temperature solution-processed electron transport layer for organic solar cells. Org Electron 2013; 14: 2379– 2386. · doi:10.1016/j.orgel.2013.05.028
  31. Park MH, Li JH, Kumar A, Li G, Yang Y . Doping of the metal oxide nanostructure and its influence in organic electronics. Adv Funct Mater 2009; 19: 1241– 1246. · DOI · Paper page
  32. Bolink HJ, Brine H, Coronado E, Sessolo M . Phosphorescent hybrid organic–inorganic light-emitting diodes. Adv Mater 2010; 22: 2198– 2201. · doi:10.1002/adma.200904018
  33. Sessolo M, Bolink HJ . Hybrid organic–inorganic light-emitting diodes. Adv Mater 2011; 23: 1829– 1845. · DOI · Paper page
  34. Park SY, Kim BJ, Kim K, Kang MS, Lim KH et al. Low-temperature, solution-processed and alkali metal doped ZnO for high-performance thin-film transistors. Adv Mater 2012; 24: 834– 838. · DOI · Paper page
  35. Liu J, Shao S, Fang G, Meng B, Xie Z et al. High-efficiency inverted polymer solar cells with transparent and work-function tunable MoO3–Al composite film as cathode buffer layer. Adv Mater 2012; 24: 2774– 2779. · DOI · Paper page
  36. Brine H, Sánchez-Royo JF, Bolink HJ . Ionic liquid modified zinc oxide injection layer for inverted organic light-emitting diodes. Org Electron 2013; 14: 164– 168. · doi:10.1016/j.orgel.2012.09.027
  37. Jiang X, Wong FL, Fung MK, Lee ST . Aluminum-doped zinc oxide films as transparent conductive electrode for organic light-emitting devices. Appl Phys Lett 2003; 83: 1875– 1877. · doi:10.1063/1.1605805
  38. Murdoch GB, Hinds S, Sargent EH, Tsang SW, Mordoukhovski L et al. Aluminum doped zinc oxide for organic photovoltaics. Appl Phys Lett 2009; 94: 213301. · doi:10.1063/1.3142423
  39. Douvas AM, Vasilopoulou M, Georgiadou DG, Soultati A, Davazoglou D et al. Sol–gel synthesized, low-temperature processed, reduced molybdenum peroxides for organic optoelectronics applications. J Mater Chem C 2014; 2: 6290– 6300. · doi:10.1039/c4tc00301b
  40. Soultati A, Douvas AM, Georgiadou DG, Palilis LC, Bein T et al. Solution-processed hydrogen molybdenum bronzes as highly conductive anode interlayers in efficient organic photovoltaics. Adv Energy Mater 2014; 4: 1300896 · doi:10.1002/aenm.201300896
  41. Huang Y, Guo X, Liu F, Huo L, Chen Y et al. Improving the ordering and photovoltaic properties by extending π-conjugated area of electron-donating units in polymers with D–A structure. Adv Mater 2012; 24: 3383– 3389. · DOI · Paper page
  42. Becker H, Spreitzer H, Kreuder W, Kluge E, Schenk H et al. Soluble PPVs with enhanced performance—a mechanistic approach. Adv Mater 2000; 12: 42– 48. · doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-4095(200001)12:1<42::aid-adma42>3.0.co;2-f
  43. Mihailetchi VD, Blom PWM, Hummelen JC, Rispens MT . Cathode dependence of the open-circuit voltage of polymer: fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells. J Appl Phys 2003; 94: 6849– 6854. · DOI · Paper page
  44. Greiner MT, Helander MG, Tang WM, Wang ZB, Qiu J et al. Universal energy-level alignment of molecules on metal oxides. Nat Mater 2012; 11: 76– 81. · DOI · Paper page
  45. Liao HH, Chen LM, Xu Z, Li G, Yang Y . Highly efficient inverted polymer solar cell by low temperature annealing of Cs2CO3 interlayer. Appl Phys Lett 2008; 92: 173303. · DOI · Paper page
  46. Campoy-Quiles M, Ferenczi T, Agostinelli T, Etchegoin PG, Kim Y et al. Morphology evolution via self-organization and lateral and vertical diffusion in polymer: fullerene solar cell blends. Nat Mater 2008; 7: 158– 164. · DOI · Paper page
  47. Xu Z, Chen LM, Yang G, Huang CH, Hou J et al. Vertical phase separation in poly(3-hexylthiophene): fullerene derivative blends and its advantage for inverted structure solar cells. Adv Funct Mater 2009; 19: 1227– 1234. · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

See all 185

Metadata

Authors
Li, X., Xie, F., Zhang, S., Hou, J., & Choy, W. C.
Venue
Light: Science & Applications
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2015-04-10
Volume
4
Issue
4
Pages
e273-e273
ISSN
2047-7538 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1038/lsa.2015.46
OpenAlex
W2074845011
Cited by
185
References
0
FWCI
14.92
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
gold
Licence

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: MoOx and V2Ox as hole and electron transport layers through functionalized intercalation in normal and inverted organic optoelectronic devices. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1038/lsa.2015.46
The paper
Li, X., Xie, F., Zhang, S., Hou, J., & Choy, W. C. (2015). MoOx and V2Ox as hole and electron transport layers through functionalized intercalation in normal and inverted organic optoelectronic devices. Light: Science & Applications. https://doi.org/10.1038/lsa.2015.46

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.