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Evidence from massive siderite beds for a CO2-rich atmosphere before ~ 1.8 billion years ago
Abstract
It is generally thought that, in order to compensate for lower solar flux and maintain liquid oceans on the early Earth, methane must have been an important greenhouse gas before approximately 2.2 billion years (Gyr) ago. This is based upon a simple thermodynamic calculation that relates the absence of siderite (FeCO3) in some pre-2.2-Gyr palaeosols to atmospheric CO2 concentrations that would have been too low to have provided the necessary greenhouse effect. Using multi-dimensional thermodynamic analyses and geological evidence, we show here that the absence of siderite in palaeosols does not constrain atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Siderite is absent in many palaeosols (both pre- and post-2.2-Gyr in age) because the O2 concentrations and pH conditions in well-aerated soils have favoured the formation of ferric (Fe3+)-rich minerals, such as goethite, rather than siderite. Siderite, however, has formed throughout geological history in subsurface environments, such as euxinic seas, where anaerobic organisms created H2-rich conditions. The abundance of large, massive siderite-rich beds in pre-1.8-Gyr sedimentary sequences and their carbon isotope ratios indicate that the atmospheric CO2 concentration was more than 100 times greater than today, causing the rain and ocean waters to be more acidic than today. We therefore conclude that CO2 alone (without a significant contribution from methane) could have provided the necessary greenhouse effect to maintain liquid oceans on the early Earth.
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“Siderite (FeCO3) in Archean IFs has been proposed as a pCO2 proxy if it precipitated in equilibrium with the atmosphere (170, 171).”
From The Archean atmosphere (2020) · cites this paper as [171]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ohmoto, H., Watanabe, Y., & Kumazawa, K.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- OYO Corporation (Japan) (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Ohmoto, Hiroshi
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2004-05
- Volume
- 429
- Issue
- 6990
- Pages
- 395-399
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2071983566
- Cited by
- 224
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 11.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Korea Science and Engineering Foundation
- Division of Materials Research
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Keywords
- siderite, atmospheric CO2, early Earth atmosphere, greenhouse effect, methane, paleosols, goethite, carbon isotope ratio, thermodynamic modeling, Precambrian
- MeSH terms
- Atmosphere, Carbon Dioxide, Carbonates, Ferric Compounds, Methane, Oceans and Seas, Oxygen, Seawater, Thermodynamics, Time Factors, Greenhouse Effect, Geologic Sediments
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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