The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The lakes of Titan
Abstract
The surface of Saturn's haze-shrouded moon Titan has long been proposed to have oceans or lakes, on the basis of the stability of liquid methane at the surface. Initial visible and radar imaging failed to find any evidence of an ocean, although abundant evidence was found that flowing liquids have existed on the surface. Here we provide definitive evidence for the presence of lakes on the surface of Titan, obtained during the Cassini Radar flyby of Titan on 22 July 2006 (T16). The radar imaging polewards of 70 degrees north shows more than 75 circular to irregular radar-dark patches, in a region where liquid methane and ethane are expected to be abundant and stable on the surface. The radar-dark patches are interpreted as lakes on the basis of their very low radar reflectivity and morphological similarities to lakes, including associated channels and location in topographic depressions. Some of the lakes do not completely fill the depressions in which they lie, and apparently dry depressions are present. We interpret this to indicate that lakes are present in a number of states, including partly dry and liquid-filled. These northern-hemisphere lakes constitute the strongest evidence yet that a condensable-liquid hydrological cycle is active in Titan's surface and atmosphere, in which the lakes are filled through rainfall and/or intersection with the subsurface 'liquid methane' table.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Additionally, the idea of methane as a potential solvent for life is gaining interest since the discovery of methane lakes on Titan (Stofan et al., 2007).”
From The Astrobiology Primer v2.0 (2016) · cites this paper as Stofan et al., 2007
Citations
Cites
Photochemistry of the atmosphere of Titan - Comparison between model and observations
Yung, Y. L., Allen, M., & Pinto, J. P. (1984) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/190963 · Cited by 1,081
In situ measurements of the physical characteristics of Titan's environment
Fulchignoni, M., Ferri, F., Angrilli, F., Ball, A., Bar‐Nun, A., Barucci, M. A., Bettanini, C., Bianchini, G., Borucki, W. J., Colombatti, G., et al. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04314 · Cited by 750
Self-citationRain, winds and haze during the Huygens probe's descent to Titan's surface
Tomasko, M. G., Archinal, B. A., Becker, T. L., Bézard, B., Bushroe, M., Combes, M., Cook, D., Coustenis, A., de Bérgh, C., Dafoe, L. E., et al. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04126 · Cited by 603
Self-citationEpisodic outgassing as the origin of atmospheric methane on Titan
Tobie, G., Lunine, J. I., & Sotin, C. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04497 · Cited by 433
Self-citationImaging of Titan from the Cassini spacecraft
Porco, C. C., Baker, E., Barbara, J., Beurle, K., Brahic, A., Burns, J. A., Charnoz, S., Cooper, N. J., Dawson, D. D., C, A. D. D. G., et al. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03436 · Cited by 423
Self-citationLunine, J. I., Stevenson, D. J., & Yung, Y. L. (1983) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.222.4629.1229 · Cited by 367
Self-citationCassini Radar Views the Surface of Titan
Elachi, C., Wall, S., Allison, M., Anderson, Y. Z., Boehmer, R., Callahan, P. S., Encrenaz, P., Flamini, E., Franceschetti, G., Gim, Y., et al. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1109919 · Cited by 263
Self-citationCryovolcanic features on Titan's surface as revealed by the Cassini Titan Radar Mapper
Lopes, R. M. C., Mitchell, K. L., STOFAN, E. R., Lunine, J. I., Lorenz, R. D., Paganelli, F., Kirk, R. L., Wood, C. A., Wall, S. D., Robshaw, L. E., et al. (2006) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.09.006 · Cited by 234
Self-citationRelease of volatiles from a possible cryovolcano from near-infrared imaging of Titan
Sotin, C., Jaumann, R., Buratti, B. J., Brown, R. H., Clark, R. N., Soderblom, L. A., Baines, K. H., Bellucci, G., Bibring, J. P., Capaccioni, F., et al. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03596 · Cited by 221
Self-citationThe Latitudinal Distribution of Clouds on Titan
Rannou, P., Montmessin, F., Hourdin, F., & Lebonnois, S. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1118424 · Cited by 216
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 622
Study of Titan's Methane Cycle
Penteado, P. F. (2009) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
4.2.3.5 Planetary geology: Erosion, transport and sedimentation, Nomenclature
Hauber, E., Wagner, R., Jänchen, J., & Wählisch, M. (2009) · Numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology. Group VI, Astronomy and astrophysics · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-88055-4_21
Atlantic seasonal hurricane forecast
Showstack, R. (2007) · Eos · doi:10.1029/2007eo510003
Exploring the satellites of the outer planets with in situ elements
Coustenis, A., Hirtzig, M., Bampasidis, G., Solomonidou, A., Bratsolis, E., Kyriakopoulos, K., Moussas, X., & Preka-Papadema, P. (2011) · International Conference on Space Technology (ICST) · doi:10.1109/icspt.2011.6064652
Planetary science: Multiple data sets, multiple scales, and unlocking the third dimension
Martin, P., & STOFAN, E. R. (2007) · Geosphere · doi:10.1130/ges00089.1
Self-citationSounding the interior of Titan's lakes by using Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS)
Bampasidis, G., Solomonidou, A., Bratsolis, E., Kyriakopoulos, K., Moussas, X., Preka-Papadema, P., Hirtzig, M., & Coustenis, A. (2011) · International Conference on Space Technology (ICST) · doi:10.1109/icspt.2011.6064648
Exo/Astrobiology and Other Related Subjects
Rauchfuss, H., & Mitchell, T. N. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-78823-2_11
Photodissociation Dynamics In Titan's Atmosphere
Silva, W. R. (2010) · Human Biology
Cassini Radar: Expectations and results after three years of operations
Flamini, E., Wall, S., & Johnson, W. T. K. (2008) · IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf) · doi:10.1109/radar.2008.4721076
Self-citationCombined use of Cassini Radar active and passive measurements to characterize Titan morphology
Ventura, B., Casarano, D., Notarnicola, C., Janssen, M. A., & Posa, F. (2009) · IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) · doi:10.1109/igarss.2009.5418185
Self-citationOn the Possible Interplay Between Liquid and Clathrate Reservoirs on Titan
Mousis, O. J., Choukroun, M. N., Lunine, J. I., & Sotin, C. (2014) · LPI
Self-citationClues to Titan Hydrology from Enhanced SAR Image Processing Antoine Lucas 1
Aharonson, O., Hayes, A. G., Deledalle, C., Wye, L. C., Kirk, R., Howington‐Kraus, E., & Cassini Radar Team (2012)
Self-citationAstrobiology—a melting pot of open scientific questions
Schulze‐Makuch, D. (2013) · Science and fiction · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-01961-1_2
Oceanographic and Planetary Applications
Khorram, S., Koch, F. H., van der Wiele, C. F., & Nelson, S. A. C. (2012) · SpringerBriefs in space development · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3103-9_6
The effect of fluid loading on the generation of extraterrestrial sound
Leighton, T. G. (2008) · ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)
First hints of waves on Titan's seas
Witze, A. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature.2014.14889
Titan 'Atmosphere' Breathing Propulsion
Stewart, M., & Palac, D. T. (2007) · AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit (JPC) · doi:10.2514/6.2007-5124
The Final Frontier: Building New Knowledge Through Planetary and Extrasolar Observation
Khorram, S., van der Wiele, C. F., Koch, F. H., Nelson, S. A. C., & Potts, M. D. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-22560-9_7
RADIATION AND DYNAMICS IN TITAN'S ATMOSPHERE: INVESTIGATIONS OF TITAN'S PRESENT AND PAST CLIMATE
Lora, J. M. (2014) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
Titan's Atmosphere and Climate
(2008) · WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks · doi:10.1142/9789812811615_0005
Hyperspectral Analysis of Rocky Surfaces on Earth and Other Planetary Bodies
Vaughan, R. G., Titus, T. N., Johnson, J. R., Hagerty, J. J., Soderblom, L. A., Geissler, P. E., Mayer, D. P., & Grundy, W. M. (2018) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780429431166-14
Self-citationSolubility and Detectability of Hydrocarbons on the Surface of Titan
Singh, S. (2015) · Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science
Linear dunes on Titan and remote sensing comparisons with Earth
Radebaugh, J., Lorenz, R. D., Savage, C., Lancaster, N., STOFAN, E. R., Lunine, J. I., Kirk, R. L., Lopes, R. M. C., Farr, T. G., & Paillou, P. (2010) · HAL
Self-citationJanjic, A. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-54787-8_3
Hargitai, H. I. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9213-9_610-1
Horvath, D. G. (2016) · Digital Collections of Colorado (Colorado State University)
Mahjoub, A., Choukroun, M. N., Hodyss, R., Sotin, C., Beauchamp, P. M., & Barmatz, M. B. (2018) · Review of Scientific Instruments · doi:10.1063/1.5053126
Olthoff, C., & Reiss, P. (2019) · Advances in public policy and administration (APPA) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-7256-5.ch012
Astrobiology on Titan: Geophysics to Organic Chemistry
Imanaka, H. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-3639-3_26
To sink or swim in Titan’s lakes
Couturier-Tamburelli, I. (2019) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/s41561-019-0361-3
Dune Formation and Sand Transportation on Titan
Yu, X. (2019)
Ursprung und Evolution des Lebendigen
Janjic, A. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-59492-6_3
Titan's seas observed in polarized light
Cordier, D., & Seignovert, B. (2019) · EPSC
Chirienco, M. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9213-9_630-1
Extraterrestrial Fluvial Environments
Palucis, M. C., & Morgan, A. M. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818234-5.00006-7
An Experimental Investigation of Liquid Hydrocarbons in a Simulated Titan Environment
Farnsworth, K. (2020) · Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science
Balloon Locomotion for Extreme Terrain
Nayar, H. D., Pauken, M. T., Cable, M. L., Hans, M. A., & Ginoya, M. (2020) · Journal of Mechanisms and Robotics · doi:10.1115/1.4049006
Modeling the effect of iron oxides on asteroid radar albedos
Hickson, D., & Virkki, A. (2020) · doi:10.5194/epsc2020-444
Method for Using a Laser and Camera to Determine the Turbidity of a Liquid System
Smith, E. S.-A. (2018) · YorkSpace (York University)
Cavagnaro, R. J., Spence, H. R., Schmaus, C., McShane, B., & Copping, A. E. (2021) · ASCE International Conference on Engineering, Science, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments (Earth and Space) · doi:10.1061/9780784483374.034
A unique mission: Cassini-Huygens, the Orbiter, the descent Probe and the cruise science
Flamini, E., Adriani, A., Armstrong, J. W., Capaccioni, F., Filacchione, G., IESS, L., Mitri, G., & Viviano, S. (2019) · IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) · doi:10.1393/ncr/i2019-10159-y
Self-citationDunes of Titan, Pluto and the Outer Solar System
Radebaugh, J. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818234-5.00113-9
Self-citationCoustenis, A. (2021) · Encyclopedia of Astrobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_241-6
Schlesinger, W. H., & Bernhardt, E. S. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814608-8.00002-5
(2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814608-8.09992-8
Chemical Composition of Icy Satellite Surfaces
Dalton, J. B., Cruikshank, D. P., Stephan, K., McCord, T. B., Coustenis, A., Carlson, R. W., & Coradini, A. (2010) · Space sciences series of ISSI · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7439-6_5
Planetary Atmospheres, Oceans, and Ices
McSWEEN, H. Y., Jr., Moersch, J. E., Burr, D. M., Dunne, W. M., Emery, J. P., Kah, L. C., & McCanta, M. C. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316535769.013
Hayes, A. G., Cornet, T., & Keresztúri, Á. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3134-3_213
The Cassini-Huygens Space Mission
Coustenis, A. (2021) · Encyclopedia of Astrobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_241-5
Planetary Fluvial and Lacustrine Landforms:
McSWEEN, H. Y., Jr., Moersch, J. E., Burr, D. M., Dunne, W. M., Emery, J. P., Kah, L. C., & McCanta, M. C. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316535769.015
Atmospheric/Exospheric Characteristics of Icy Satellites
Coustenis, A., Tokano, T., Bürger, M., Cassidy, T. A., Lopes, R. M. C., Lorenz, R. D., Retherford, K. D., & Schubert, G. (2010) · Space sciences series of ISSI · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7439-6_6
Self-citationHargitai, H. I., Keresztúri, Á., & Paganelli, F. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3134-3_290
Self-citation(2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-385874-0.09983-0
Hargitai, H. I. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3134-3_610
Amphitheater-Headed Valley (Titan)
Hargitai, H. I. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9213-9_331-1
(2007) · Physik in unserer Zeit · doi:10.1002/piuz.200790012
Chirienco, M. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3134-3_630
Hayes, A. G., Cornet, T., & Keresztúri, Á. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9213-9_213-1
Amphitheater-Headed Valley (Titan)
Hargitai, H. I. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3134-3_331
Coustenis, A., & Raulin, F. (2014) · Encyclopedia of Astrobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_1594-2
Hargitai, H. I., Keresztúri, Á., & Paganelli, F. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9213-9_290-1
Self-citationHyperspectral Analysis of Rocky Surfaces on the Earth and Other Planetary Bodies
Vaughan, R. G., Titus, T. N., Johnson, J. L., Hagerty, J. J., Gaddis, L. R., Soderblom, L. A., & Geissler, P. E. (2011) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b11222-39
Self-citationCoustenis, A., & Raulin, F. (2019) · Encyclopedia of Astrobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_1594-3
Near‐Earth Asteroids as Promising Candidates for Space Resources
Miyamoto, H. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527830909.ch9
Rodener, D., Schäfer, M., Hausmann, M., & Hildenbrand, G. L. (2022) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies10050101
Solar/planetary formation and evolution
Joseph, A. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95717-5.00001-3
Joseph, A. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95717-5.00018-9
The Fermi Paradox and Astrobiology
Stockton, A. M., Simpson, A., Cable, M. L., Phillips-Lander, C. M., Bennett, C. J., Raj, C. G., Guth-Metzler, R., Pasek, M. A., Pozarycki, C. I., Seaton, K. M., et al. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91360-7.00012-4
Coustenis, A., & Raulin, F. (2023) · Encyclopedia of Astrobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65093-6_1594
Coustenis, A. (2023) · Encyclopedia of Astrobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65093-6_241
Geomorphology and Morphogenesis of the Non-siliceous, Non-aqueous Fluvial Systems of Titan: A ReviewPreprint
Scheffer, R. (2023) · doi:10.31223/x53672
Taking Titan’s Boreal Pole Temperature: Evidence for Evaporative Cooling in Ligeia Mare
Sultana, R., Gall, A. L., Tokano, T., Bonnefoy, L., Coutelier, M., & Lorenz, R. D. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad0466
Self-citationJacob, A. W. B. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/68188678z0fcez4319zbfc6z2a164f81af8f
Exploring Titan’s subsurface: Insights from Cassini RADAR and prospects for future investigations
He, P., & Ding, C. (2024) · New Astronomy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.newar.2024.101710
Campestrini, M., Gassies, N., Houriez, C., Masella, M., & Stringari, P. (2025) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116460
Connecting Science Goals to Payloads for Titan Exploration: A Focus on Geomorphology
Zaripova, A., McKevitt, J., Beegadhur, S., Pukinskis, S., Finn, J., Tokeria, A., Haider, A., Patadia, D., Yin, X., & Mukherjee, S. (2024) · IAF Space Exploration Symposium · doi:10.52202/078357-0260
Fluid-driven surface change in sediment-limited interdune environments and relevance to Titan
Cohen-Zada, A. L., Ewing, R. C., & Radebaugh, J. (2025) · Aeolian Research · doi:10.1016/j.aeolia.2025.100960
Self-citationSotin, C., Kalousová, K., & Tobie, G. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99161-2.00014-0
Exchange processes between surface, atmosphere, and interior
Vance, S. D., Crósta, Á. P., Daswani, M. M., Fagents, S. A., Journaux, B., & Neish, C. D. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99161-2.00009-7
Hargitai, H. I., Keresztúri, Á., & Paganelli, F. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9213-9_290-2
Self-citationExtraterrestrisches Leben in unserem Sonnensystem
Domainko, W. F. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-71577-2_5
Clarke, J. D. A. (2009) · CSIRO Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1071/9780643098268.ch14
Brighi, G., Poggiali, V., Mastrogiuseppe, M., Zannoni, M., Hayes, A. G., & Tortora, P. (2025) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2025gl117270
Threshold of Wave Generation on Titan's Lakes and Seas : Effect of Viscosity and
Lorenz, R. D., & Newman, C. E. (2009)
Self-citationHydrocarbon Lakes on Titan and Their Role in the Methane Cycle
Hayes, A. G. (2011) · CaltechTHESIS (California Institute of Technology) · doi:10.7907/14j8-7a73
The determination of the rotational state of celestial bodies
Meriggiola, R. (2012) · IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome)
“Salt Tectonics” on Titan: Radial Labyrinths as Topographic Expressions of Solid‐State Flow
Schoenfeld, A., Vance, S. D., Lopes, R. M. C., Malaska, M. J., & Bland, M. T. (2026) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1029/2025je009230
Self-citationBarnes, J. W., O’Neill, C. T., MacKenzie, S., Miller, W. J., Steward, G. C., Es-Sayeh, M., Rodriguez, S., Corlies, P., & Soderblom, J. M. (2026) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ae40b0
Titan's Plains Revealed: Evidence for a Layered Surface
Fine, A. L., Poggiali, V., Lalich, D. E., & Hayes, A. G. (2026) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1029/2025je009161
Terrestrial Analogs to Titan for Geophysical ResearchPreprint
Nixon, C. A., Birch, S., Chatain, A., Cockell, C. S., Farnsworth, K., Higgins, P. M., Mouëlic, S. L., Lopes, R., Malaska, M. J., Daswani, M. M., et al. (2026) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.13016/m2mnn4-yhlp
Self-citationBrault, A. (2015) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/b50d682dz9bb3z492eza642zae85541c786c
Analyse de la couche détachée de Titan à l'aide de l'instrument Cassini/ISS
Seignovert, B. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/32e7a6a1z14c0z440az9c73z94a66ebba4b1
Numerical modelling of the seasonal variations in Titan's atmosphere
d’Ollone, J. V. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/5938e88fz2d4dz4fa3z98daze71c6f476885
Study of trace species in Titan’s lower atmosphere
Das, K. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/0677fa64z2141z4cf8z9b57zd129c94f640e
Metadata
- Authors
- Stofan, E. R., Elachi, C., Lunine, J. I., Lorenz, R. D., Stiles, B., Mitchell, K. L., Ostro, S., Soderblom, L., Wood, C., Zebker, H., Wall, S., Janssen, M., Kirk, R., Lopes, R., Paganelli, F., Radebaugh, J., Wye, L., Anderson, Y., Allison, M., Boehmer, R., Callahan, P., Encrenaz, P., Flamini, E., Francescetti, G., Gim, Y., Hamilton, G., Hensley, S., Johnson, W. T. K., Kelleher, K., Muhleman, D., Paillou, P., Picardi, G., Posa, F., Roth, L., Seu, R., Shaffer, S., Vetrella, S., & West, R.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- United States Geological Survey (US)
- Planetary Science Institute (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Goddard Institute for Space Studies (US)
- Observatoire de Paris (FR)
- University of Naples Federico II (IT)
- Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux (FR)
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory (US)
- Polytechnic University of Bari (IT)
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Stofan, E. R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2007-01
- Volume
- 445
- Issue
- 7123
- Pages
- 61-64
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2054027145
- Cited by
- 595
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 30.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- Oskar-Bordeaux (Universite de Bordeaux) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Planetary Science and Exploration
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
- Keywords
- Titan, methane lakes, liquid methane, ethane, radar backscatter, Cassini flybys, water cycle, Northern Hemisphere, Saturnian satellites
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
