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An experimental test of non-local realism
Open accessAbstract
Most working scientists hold fast to the concept of 'realism'--a viewpoint according to which an external reality exists independent of observation. But quantum physics has shattered some of our cornerstone beliefs. According to Bell's theorem, any theory that is based on the joint assumption of realism and locality (meaning that local events cannot be affected by actions in space-like separated regions) is at variance with certain quantum predictions. Experiments with entangled pairs of particles have amply confirmed these quantum predictions, thus rendering local realistic theories untenable. Maintaining realism as a fundamental concept would therefore necessitate the introduction of 'spooky' actions that defy locality. Here we show by both theory and experiment that a broad and rather reasonable class of such non-local realistic theories is incompatible with experimentally observable quantum correlations. In the experiment, we measure previously untested correlations between two entangled photons, and show that these correlations violate an inequality proposed by Leggett for non-local realistic theories. Our result suggests that giving up the concept of locality is not sufficient to be consistent with quantum experiments, unless certain intuitive features of realism are abandoned.
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“The observed S N LHV = 3.8521 ± 0.0227 violates inequality (68) by 3.2 standard deviations.”
From Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry (2012) · cites this paper as Gröblacher et al. (2007)
In the citing paper
“This way, Gröblacher et al. experiment excluded a broad class of nonlocal hidden-variable theories.”
From Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry (2012) · cites this paper as Gröblacher et al. (2007)
In the citing paper
“The Leggett-type inequality valid for nonlocal realistic theories of the discussed type was experimentally tested by Gröblacher et al. (2007).In the experiment a SPDC source of high-fidelity two-photon entangled states was used, with visibilities ∼ 99.0 ± 1.2% in the H/V basis, ∼ 99.2 ± 1.6% in the ±45 • basis and ∼ 98.9 ± 1.7% in the R/L basis.”
From Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry (2012) · cites this paper as Gröblacher et al. (2007)
In the citing paper
“At the same time measurements gave S Bell = 2.178 ± 0.0199, which violates the CHSH inequality by ∼9 standard deviations.”
From Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry (2012) · cites this paper as Gröblacher et al. (2007)
In the citing paper
“This, plus the above assumptions, implies a Leggett-type inequality (for details of the derivation see Groblacher et al., 2007) of the following form:”
From Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry (2012) · cites this paper as Groblacher et al., 2007
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Citations
Cites
Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?
Einstein, A., Podolsky, B., & Rosen, N. (1935) · Physical Review · doi:10.1103/physrev.47.777 · Cited by 16,654
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Bell, J. S. (1964) · Physics Physique Fizika · doi:10.1103/physicsphysiquefizika.1.195 · Cited by 12,252
Proposed Experiment to Test Local Hidden-Variable Theories
Clauser, J. F., Horne, M. A., Shimony, A., & Holt, R. A. (1969) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.23.880 · Cited by 7,573
A Suggested Interpretation of the Quantum Theory in Terms of "Hidden" Variables. I
Bohm, D. (1952) · Physical Review · doi:10.1103/physrev.85.166 · Cited by 5,510
Principles of Optics: Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffraction of Light
Born, M., Wolf, E., & Hecht, E. (2000) · Physics Today · doi:10.1063/1.1325200 · Cited by 4,185
Experimental Test of Bell's Inequalities Using Time- Varying Analyzers
Aspect, A., Dalibard, J., & Roger, G. (1982) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.49.1804 · Cited by 3,942
Die gegenw�rtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik
Schr�dinger, E. (1935) · Die Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/bf01491891 · Cited by 3,392
Bell’s theorem without inequalities
Greenberger, D. M., Horne, M. A., Shimony, A., & Zeilinger, A. (1990) · American Journal of Physics · doi:10.1119/1.16243 · Cited by 2,404
Self-citationExperimental Tests of Realistic Local Theories via Bell's Theorem
Aspect, A., Grangier, P., & Roger, G. (1981) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.47.460 · Cited by 2,294
Experimental Test of Local Hidden-Variable Theories
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Cited by
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Horodecki, R., Horodecki, P., Horodecki, M., & Horodecki, K. (2009) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.81.865 · Cited by 10,118
Brunner, N., Cavalcanti, D., Pironio, S., Scarani, V., & Wehner, S. (2014) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.86.419 · Cited by 2,688
Gühne, O., & Tóth, G. (2009) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2009.02.004 · Cited by 2,401
Single-molecule strong coupling at room temperature in plasmonic nanocavities
Chikkaraddy, R., de Nijs, B., Benz, F., Barrow, S., Scherman, O., Rosta, E., Demetriadou, A., Fox, P., Hess, O., & Baumberg, J. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature17974 · Cited by 1,794
Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry
Pan, J.-W., Chen, Z.-B., Lu, C.-Y., Weinfurter, H., Zeilinger, A., & Żukowski, M. (2012) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.84.777 · Cited by 1,410
“A recent work (Groblacher et al., 2007) addresses a broad class of nonlocal hidden-variable theories that are based on a very plausible type of realism and that provide an explanation for all existing Bell-type experiments.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Gröblacher, S., Paterek, T., Kaltenbaek, R., Brukner, Č., Żukowski, M., Aspelmeyer, M., & Zeilinger, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Vienna (AT)
- University of Gdańsk (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Aspelmeyer, Markus
- Zeilinger, Anton
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2007-04-19
- Volume
- 446
- Issue
- 7138
- Pages
- 871-875
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2082420839
- Cited by
- 419
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 23.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2007-09-13)
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories
- Keywords
- Bell's theorem, quantum correlations, entangled photons, locality, realism, quantum foundations, hidden variable theories, quantum nonlocality
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