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PEP1 regulates perennial flowering in Arabis alpina

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Wang, Renhou, Farrona, Sara, Vincent, Coral, Joecker, Anika, Schoof, Heiko, Turck, Franziska, Alonso-Blanco, Carlos, Coupland, George, Albani, Maria C.·2009·Nature

DOI 10.1038/nature07988

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Abstract

Annual plants complete their life cycle in one year and initiate flowering only once, whereas perennials live for many years and flower repeatedly. How perennials undergo repeated cycles of vegetative growth and flowering that are synchronized to the changing seasons has not been extensively studied. Flowering is best understood in annual Arabidopsis thaliana, but many closely related species, such as Arabis alpina, are perennials. We identified the A. alpina mutant perpetual flowering 1 (pep1), and showed that PEP1 contributes to three perennial traits. It limits the duration of flowering, facilitating a return to vegetative development, prevents some branches from undergoing the floral transition allowing polycarpic growth habit, and confers a flowering response to winter temperatures that restricts flowering to spring. Here we show that PEP1 is the orthologue of the A. thaliana gene FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). The FLC transcription factor inhibits flowering until A. thaliana is exposed to winter temperatures, which trigger chromatin modifications that stably repress FLC transcription. In contrast, PEP1 is only transiently repressed by low temperatures, causing repeated seasonal cycles of repression and activation of PEP1 transcription that allow it to carry out functions characteristic of the cyclical life history of perennials. The patterns of chromatin modifications at FLC and PEP1 differ correlating with their distinct expression patterns. Thus we describe a critical mechanism by which flowering regulation differs between related perennial and annual species, and propose that differences in chromatin regulation contribute to this variation.

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Authors: Wang, R., Farrona, S., Vincent, C., Joecker, A., Schoof, H., Turck, F., Alonso-Blanco, C., Coupland, G., & Albani, M. C.
Affiliations: Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research (DE)
Corresponding author: Coupland, George
Albani, Maria C.
ORCID: Farrona, Sara
Vincent, Coral
Schoof, Heiko
Turck, Franziska
Coupland, George
Albani, Maria C.
Venue: Nature
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2009-04-15
Volume: 459
Issue: 7245
Pages: 423-427
ISSN: 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/nature07988
OpenAlex: W2158386692
Cited by: 376
References: 41
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 23
FWCI: 33.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Licence: other-oa
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion)
Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion, other-oa)
MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Molecular Biology Research
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Flowering Plant Growth and Cultivation
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Light effects on plants
Keywords: Pep-1, Arabis alpina, FLOWERING LOCUS C, floral repressor, flowering duration, floral induction, polycarpy, vernalization, histone modifications, chromatin modification, spring flowering, Arabidopsis thaliana
MeSH terms: Chromatin, Histones, Methylation, Molecular Sequence Data, Mutation, Periodicity, Plant Proteins, Genes, Plant, Arabidopsis, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, MADS Domain Proteins, Arabidopsis Proteins, Arabis, Flowers

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PEP1 regulates perennial flowering in Arabis alpina

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