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Femtosecond electronic response of atoms to ultra-intense X-rays
Abstract
An era of exploring the interactions of high-intensity, hard X-rays with matter has begun with the start-up of a hard-X-ray free-electron laser, the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). Understanding how electrons in matter respond to ultra-intense X-ray radiation is essential for all applications. Here we reveal the nature of the electronic response in a free atom to unprecedented high-intensity, short-wavelength, high-fluence radiation (respectively 10(18) W cm(-2), 1.5-0.6 nm, approximately 10(5) X-ray photons per A(2)). At this fluence, the neon target inevitably changes during the course of a single femtosecond-duration X-ray pulse-by sequentially ejecting electrons-to produce fully-stripped neon through absorption of six photons. Rapid photoejection of inner-shell electrons produces 'hollow' atoms and an intensity-induced X-ray transparency. Such transparency, due to the presence of inner-shell vacancies, can be induced in all atomic, molecular and condensed matter systems at high intensity. Quantitative comparison with theory allows us to extract LCLS fluence and pulse duration. Our successful modelling of X-ray/atom interactions using a straightforward rate equation approach augurs favourably for extension to complex systems.
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“the high number of photons comprising the ultrashort femtosecond pulses gives rise to the production of high charge states, which can only be explained by the absorption of many photons from the same pulse (e.g [1,74]).”
From Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Young, L., Kanter, E. P., Krässig, B., Li, Y., March, A. M., Pratt, S. T., Santra, R., Southworth, S. H., Rohringer, N., DiMauro, L. F., Doumy, G., Roedig, C. A., Berrah, N., Fang, L., Hoener, M., Bucksbaum, P. H., Cryan, J. P., Ghimire, S., Glownia, J. M., Reis, D. A., Bozek, J. D., Bostedt, C., & Messerschmidt, M.
- Affiliations
- Argonne National Laboratory (US)
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (US)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Western Michigan University (US)
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (US)
- Corresponding author
- Young, L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2010-07
- Volume
- 466
- Issue
- 7302
- Pages
- 56-61
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2047732232
- Cited by
- 792
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 84 · 2012: 79
- FWCI
- 42.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Desy Publications Database (Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY) (submittedVersion)
- European XFEL (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Atomic and Molecular Physics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Laser-Plasma Interactions and Diagnostics
- Keywords
- X-ray free-electron laser, Linac Coherent Light Source, neon atom, electron stripping, hollow atoms, X-ray transparency, inner-shell vacancies, photoionization, rate equation model, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction
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