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Newly born peroxisomes are a hybrid of mitochondrial and ER-derived pre-peroxisomes
Abstract
Peroxisomes function together with mitochondria in a number of essential biochemical pathways, from bile acid synthesis to fatty acid oxidation. Peroxisomes grow and divide from pre-existing organelles, but can also emerge de novo in the cell. The physiological regulation of de novo peroxisome biogenesis remains unclear, and it is thought that peroxisomes emerge from the endoplasmic reticulum in both mammalian and yeast cells. However, in contrast to the yeast system, a number of integral peroxisomal membrane proteins are imported into mitochondria in mammalian cells in the absence of peroxisomes, including Pex3, Pex12, Pex13, Pex14, Pex26, PMP34 and ALDP. Overall, the mitochondrial localization of peroxisomal membrane proteins in mammalian cells has largely been considered a mis-targeting artefact in which de novo biogenesis occurs exclusively from endoplasmic reticulum-targeted peroxins. Here, in following the generation of new peroxisomes within human patient fibroblasts lacking peroxisomes, we show that the essential import receptors Pex3 and Pex14 target mitochondria, where they are selectively released into vesicular pre-peroxisomal structures. Maturation of pre-peroxisomes containing Pex3 and Pex14 requires fusion with endoplasmic reticulum-derived vesicles carrying Pex16, thereby providing full import competence. These findings demonstrate the hybrid nature of newly born peroxisomes, expanding their functional links to mitochondria.
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“Peroxisomes have recently been shown to have a shared mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) origin, further linking the function of mitochondria and peroxisomes (Sugiura et al., 2017).”
From NAD+ in Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders (2019) · cites this paper as Sugiura et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“In de novo synthesis, mature peroxisomes are built incrementally, with the first step a budding of pre-peroxisomal vesicles bearing complementary proteins of the early import machinery, PEX16 and PEX3, from membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, respectively (Schrader and Pellegrini, 2017; Sugiura et al., 2017). Heterotypic fusion of PEX3- and PEX16-bearing vesicles establish a”
From The cell biology of the retinal pigment epithelium (2020) · cites this paper as Sugiura et al., 2017
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InfluentialPeroxisomal Membrane Contact Sites in Yeasts
Joshi, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.735031 · Cited by 16
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Kamoshita, M., Kumar, R., Anteghini, M., Kunze, M., Islinger, M., dos Santos, V. A. P. M., & Schrader, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.822509 · Cited by 16
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“This strengthens our theory that matrix proteins are more likely to require a PTS1 or PTS2 to be properly localized than glycosome membrane proteins or complexes that may derive from the likely glycosome biogenesis involving the ER or even the mitochondrion [28,33].”
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BackgroundArchaea, the tree of life, and cellular evolution in eukaryotes
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BackgroundPeroxisomes are underappreciated organelles hijacked by viruses
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“…, where new peroxisomes are thought to form from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria-derived pre-peroxisomal vesicles (Hoepfner et al., 2005; Sugiura et al., 2017); and growth and division, where new peroxisomes arise from pre-existing ones (Delille et al., 2010; Smith and Aitchison, 2013).”
Mutation analysis of the GSDME gene in a Chinese family with non-syndromic hearing loss
Lei, P., Zhu, Q., Dong, W., Zhang, S., Sun, Y., Du, X., Geng, M., & Jiang, Y. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0276233 · Cited by 6
PLAAT1 expression triggers fragmentation of mitochondria in an enzyme activity-dependent manner
Sikder, M. M., Uyama, T., Sasaki, S., Kawai, K., Araki, N., & Ueda, N. (2023) · The Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1093/jb/mvad079 · Cited by 6
Peroxisome-inspired T4 phage hybrid enzyme nanoreactors for photodynamic therapy of breast cancer
Hou, X. L., Tan, L., Xie, X., Zhang, B., Wang, Q., Cheng, K., Fan, J., Liu, T., & Liu, B. (2024) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2024.159138 · Cited by 6
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Unmiraculous facultative anaerobes (comment on DOI 10.1002/bies.201600174)
Martin, W. F. (2017) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.201700041 · Cited by 6
“The origins of anaerobic energy metabolism [5, 14], peroxisomes [18, 28], the eukaryotic endomembrane system [29], and even the majority of eukaryotic genes [30] are all associated with the origin of mitochondria, not with the accumulation of oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere [19, 31].”
BackgroundCorrecting abnormal mitochondrial dynamics to facilitate tumor treatment
Yang, B., Lin, Y., & Shen, Y. (2023) · Mitochondrial Communications · doi:10.1016/j.mitoco.2023.07.001 · Cited by 7
Singin, Ö., Astapenka, A., Costina, V., Kühl, S., Bonekamp, N. A., Drews, O., & Islinger, M. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13020176 · Cited by 6
“Indeed, PEX14 has been observed to be targeted to mitochondria in mammalian cells, when peroxisomes are absent [34], suggesting that OCIAD1 has a significant impact on peroxisomal maintenance.”
BackgroundFatty Acid Metabolism in Peroxisomes and Related Disorders
Morito, K., Ali, H., Kishino, S., & Tanaka, T. (2024) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/5584_2024_802 · Cited by 6
Peroxisomal Alterations in Prostate Cancer: Metabolic Shifts and Clinical Relevance
Hussein, M. A. F., Lismont, C., Li, H., Chai, R., Claessens, F., & Fransen, M. (2025) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers17132243 · Cited by 6
“Peroxisomes can be generated via two primary pathways: de novo biogenesis and the growth and division of existing peroxisomes [11,28–31].”
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Protein Kinase C promotes peroxisome biogenesis and peroxisome–endoplasmic reticulum interaction
Borisyuk, A., Howman, C. M., Pattabiraman, S., Kaganovich, D., & Amen, T. (2025) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.202505040 · Cited by 8
Aleksic, M., Golić, I., Kalezic, A., Janković, A., Korać, B., & Korać, A. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10092248 · Cited by 5
“The absence of CAT in peroxisomal noses, the final narrower part of tubular structures, and in the area of the bridges that connect peroxisomes with ER, triads, and mitochondria, confirms that CAT can be imported only into fully mature peroxisomes [8].”
BackgroundInfluentialCheung, A., Argyriou, C., Yergeau, C., D’Souza, Y., Riou, É., Lévesque, S., Raymond, G. V., Daba, M., Rtskhiladze, I., Tkemaladze, T., et al. (2022) · Neurogenetics · doi:10.1007/s10048-022-00684-7 · Cited by 5
Dong, P., Du, X., Yang, T., Li, D., Du, Y., Wei, Y., & Sun, J. (2023) · Oncology Letters · doi:10.3892/ol.2023.14099 · Cited by 5
“Peroxisome is a metabolic organelle involved in cellular redox balance and lipid metabolism (5,6).”
Dong, Q., Xing, X., Han, Y., Wei, X., & Zhang, S. (2020) · CellBio · doi:10.4236/cellbio.2020.91003 · Cited by 5
Peroxisomal Disorders in Children
Watkins, P. A., Chen, L., & Braverman, N. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108918978.037 · Cited by 5
Interorganelle phospholipid communication, a house not so divided
Lee, R. G., Rudler, D. L., Rackham, O., & Filipovska, A. (2024) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2024.06.008 · Cited by 4
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Reciprocal Regulation of Peroxisome Biogenesis and Myogenic Factors Is Critical for Myogenesis
Wu, C., Chen, W.-C., Hsiao, W.-P., Huang, K. Y., Liao, Y.-S., Lin, H.-B., Wu, Y., Kao, C.-H., & Chen, S. L. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241512262 · Cited by 4
“A recent study found that Pex3 and Pex16 are preferentially located on pre-peroxisome vesicles derived from MITO and ER, respectively, demonstrating the differential contribution of the membrane from both organelles [10].”
BackgroundOrganellar quality control crosstalk in aging‐related disease: Innovation to pave the way
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The Case for Restoring Organelles to Treat Ischemic Cardiomyopathy: Is DEPP1 an Attractive Target?
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Mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission in cortical neurogenesis
Robertson, G. L., Bodnya, C., & Gama, V. (2025) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2025.106774 · Cited by 3
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“Dysfunctional peroxisomes impair peroxisomal metabolism, leading to inef fi ciencies in various cellular processes [27].”
Coceano, G., Alvelid, J., Damenti, M., Ferretti, G., Mueller, J., Rorbach, J., & Testa, I. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-68160-y · Cited by 3
“Another group of MDVs was previously reported to shuttle cargoes to a subpopulation of peroxisomes 18 and to be involved in their biogenesis 37,38 .”
InfluentialYao, Y., Shi, B., Zhang, X., Wang, X., Li, S., Yao, Y., Guo, Y., Chen, D., Wang, B., Yuan, Y., et al. (2023) · Journal of Biomedical Research · doi:10.7555/jbr.37.20230055 · Cited by 3
Garrido-Bazán, V., Guzmán‐Ocampo, D. C., Domı́nguez, L., & Aguirre, J. (2023) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.02822-23 · Cited by 3
“A similar priming can be postulated for peroxisomal division, considering that peroxisomes are generated de novo by the ER and that mitochondria also contribute to peroxisome biogenesis (66).”
BackgroundMierke, C. T. (2020) · Biological and medical physics, biomedical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58532-7_9 · Cited by 3
Surveying the mitochondrial proteome
Winter, D., & Becker, T. (2021) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41556-021-00801-y · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Sugiura, A., Mattie, S., Prudent, J., & McBride, H. M.
- Affiliations
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (CA)
- Corresponding author
- McBride, Heidi M.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2017-02-01
- Volume
- 542
- Issue
- 7640
- Pages
- 251-254
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2585343016
- Cited by
- 386
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 34
- FWCI
- 25.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular transport and secretion
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Keywords
- peroxisome biogenesis, PEX3, PEX14, PEX16, PEX12, PEX13, ALDP, peroxisomal membrane proteins, mitochondrial targeting, endoplasmic reticulum
- MeSH terms
- Peroxins, Bacterial Proteins, Organelle Biogenesis, Cell Line, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Fibroblasts, Humans, Intracellular Membranes, Lipoproteins, Luminescent Proteins, Membrane Proteins, Mitochondria, Repressor Proteins, Zellweger Syndrome, Peroxisomes, Protein Transport
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