Deep mutational scanning: a new style of protein science
Fowler, Douglas M, Fields, Stanley·2014·Nature Methods
Cited by (1,003)
Items 801–900 of 1,003
- Rosace-AA: enhancing interpretation of deep mutational scanning data with amino acid substitution and position-specific insightsJingyou Rao, Mingsen Wang, Matthew K Howard, Christian B. Macdonald, James S. Fraser, Willow Coyote‐Maestas, Harold Pimentel · 2025 · Bioinformatics Advances
- MechFind: a computational framework for de novo prediction of enzyme mechanismsAustin D. Hartley, Vikas Upadhyay, Veda Sheersh Boorla, Costas D. Maranas · 2026 · Nature Communications
- Phenotypic dominance emerges from activity fitness functions and molecular interactionsTushar Pal, Soham Dibyachintan, Angel F. Cisneros, Christian R. Landry · 2025 · Genetics
- Implications of genetic and epigenetic aberrations to the tumorigenicity of human pluripotent stem cellsGal Keshet, Ivana Barbaric, Nissim Benvenisty · 2025 · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
- Dosa: A method to covalently barcode proteins for high-throughput biochemistryYashwanth Ashok, Kerry L. Bubb, Curran Oy, Sayeh Gorjifard, Josh T. Cuperus, Christine Queitsch, Stanley Fields · 2026 · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Multidimensional maturation of antibody variable domains with machine-learning assistanceTomoyuki Ito, Sakiya Kawada, Hikaru Nakazawa, Akikazu Murakami, Mitsuo Umetsu · 2026 · mAbs
- From edits to insights: precision microbial engineering for systems biologyVlad S Băţăgui, Antoine Delhaye, Sibylle Chantal Vonesch · 2026 · Current Opinion in Microbiology
- An expanded role for single-cell chemical genomics profiling in drug discoveryAdeya Wyatt, Kevin Hoffer-Hawlik, Ross M. Giglio, Elham Azizi, José L. McFaline‐Figueroa · 2026 · Biochemical Journal
- Accurate enzyme specificity constant prediction with iESCYu Zhang, Li-Hua Liu, Shuqi Wang, Ao Jiang · 2026 · Bioresource Technology
- zERExtractor: An Automated Platform for Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction Data Extraction from Scientific LiteratureR. Huang F. L. Zhou, Haohui Ma, Tianle Xin, Qiuchen Miao, Lixin Zou, Qiuyue Hu, Hongxi Cheng, Jingjing Guo, Yuguang Mu, Sheng Wang et al. · 2026 · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling
- Disordered protein LAT encodes relative levels of signaling pathways in T cell activationAdam J. Rubin, Tyler T. Dao, Amelia V. Schueppert, Saehyun Choi, Jay T. Groves, Aviv Regev, Alex K. Shalek · 2026 · Science
- The mutational landscape of STING-induced immunityBing Zhang, Pengbiao Xu, Yu Meng, Laure Gallay, François Lestelle, Hélène Morel, Marie‐Louise Frémond, Bruno E. Correia, Andrea Ablasser · 2026 · Nature
- Understanding language model scaling for protein fitness predictionChao Hou, Ди Лю, Aziz Zafar, Yufeng Shen · 2026 · Nature Computational Science
- Intra-FCY1: a novel system to identify mutations that cause protein misfoldingN. Quan, Y. Eguchi, Kerry Geiler‐Samerotte · 2023 · Frontiers in Genetics
- QAFI: a novel method for quantitative estimation of missense variant impact using protein-specific predictors and ensemble learningSelen Özkan, Natàlia Padilla, Xavier de la Cruz · 2024 · Human Genetics
- Efficiently Predicting Mutational Effect on Homologous Proteins by Evolution EncodingZhiqiang Zhong, Davide Mottin · 2024 · Lecture notes in computer science
- Emergence of Omicron FN.1 a descendent of BQ.1.1 in BotswanaWonderful Tatenda Choga, Emanuele Gustani‐Buss, Houriiyah Tegally, Dorcas Maruapula, Xiaoyu Yu, Monika Moir, Boitumelo J. L. Zuze, James Emmanuel San, Nokuthula S Ndlovu, Kedumetse Seru et al. · 2024 · Virus Evolution
- Machine learning in molecular biophysics: Protein allostery, multi-level free energy simulations, and lipid phase transitionsQiang Cui · 2025 · Biophysics Reviews
- Development of chemokine network inhibitors using combinatorial saturation mutagenesisJhanna Kryukova, Serena Vales, Megan Payne, Gintare Smagurauskaite, Soumyanetra Chandra, Charlie J. Clark, Graham Davies, Shoumo Bhattacharya · 2025 · Communications Biology
- Epistasis in Allosteric Proteins: Can Biophysical Models Provide a Better Framework for Prediction and Understanding?David Ross, Drew S. Tack, Peter D. Tonner, Olga B. Vasilyeva · 2025 · Journal of Molecular Biology
- Deep mutational scanning reveals pharmacologically relevant insights into TYK2 signaling and diseaseConor J Howard, Nathan S. Abell, Robert Warneford-Thomson, Eden Mahdavi, Alan L Su, Carmen Resnick, Nabil Mohammed, Erin M. Thompson, Emily Rose Holzinger, Katrina A. Catalano et al. · 2026 · eLife
- AbAgym: a well-curated dataset for the mutational analysis of antibody–antigen complexesGabriel Cia, Dong Li, Simón Poblete, Marianne J. Rooman, Fabrizio Pucci · 2025 · mAbs
- Quantitative delineation of how breathing motions open ligand migration channels in myoglobin and its mutantsHyuntae Na, Guang Song · 2015 · Proteins Structure Function and Bioinformatics
- A Guide for Protein–Protein Docking Using SwarmDockIain H. Moal, Raphaël A. G. Chaleil, Mieczyslaw Torchala, Paul A. Bates · 2020 · Methods in molecular biology
- Low Diversity of Human Variation Despite Mostly Mild Functional Impact of De Novo VariantsYannick Mahlich, Maximillian Miller, Zishuo Zeng, Yana Bromberg · 2021 · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences
- Setting molecular traps in yeast for identification of anticancer drug targetsGrant W. Brown, Brenda Andrews · 2021 · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Reducing uncertainty in genetic testing with Saturation Genome EditingPhoebe Dace, Gregory M. Findlay · 2022 · Medizinische Genetik
- A parameterized two-domain thermodynamic model explains diverse mutational effects on protein allosteryZhuang Liu, Thomas Gillis, Srivatsan Raman, Qiang Cui · 2023 · eLife
- Measuring differential fitness costs and interactions between genetic cassettes using fluorescent spectrophotometryDan Kehila, Nobuhiko Tokuriki · 2024 · Applied and Environmental Microbiology
- Unveiling the pathogenicity of allosteric protein mutations via multifaceted feature ensemblingHuiling Zhang, Xijian Li, Junwen Huang, Yuetong Li, Shaozhen Cai, Haiyan Wang, Yanjie Wei · 2025 · Methods
- Live‐cell PCR and one‐step purification streamline DNA engineeringGeorge T. Lyozin, Luca Brunelli · 2020 · The FASEB Journal
- Cellular Thermal Shift Analysis for Interrogation of CRISPR-Assisted Proteomic ChangesNam-Gu Her, Ivan Babić, Venkata Mahidhar Yenugonda, Santosh Kesari, Elmar Nurmemmedov · 2020 · BioTechniques
- A Split-Ubiquitin Based Strategy Selecting for Protein Complex-Interfering MutationsThomas Gronemeyer, Julian Chollet, Stefan Werner, Oliver Glomb, Anne Bäuerle, Nils Johnsson · 2016 · G3 Genes Genomes Genetics
- Genetic engineering: Lassoing genomic librariesNathan B. Lubock, Sriram Kosuri · 2017 · Nature Biomedical Engineering
- Functional and computational identification of a rescue mutation near the active site of an mRNA methyltransferasePierre-Yves Colin, Paul Anthony Dalby · 2020 · Scientific Reports
- Genetic variation in human drug-related genesCharlotta Schärfe, Roman Tremmel, Matthias Georg Schwab, Oliver Kohlbacher, Debora S. Marks · 2017 · arXiv (Cornell University)
- Investigating structure function relationships in the NOTCH family through large-scale somatic DNA sequencing studiesMichael Hall, David Shorthouse, Philip H. Jones, Benjamin A. Hall · 2020 · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)
- The evolutionary potential of the influenza A virus hemagglutinin is highly constrained by intersegment epistasisTongyu Liu, Yiquan Wang, Timothy J.C. Tan, Nicholas C. Wu, Christopher B. Brooke · 2022 · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)
- Improving few-shot learning-based protein engineering with evolutionary samplingM. Zaki Jawaid, Robin W. Yeo, Aayushma Gautam, T. Blair Gainous, Daniel James Hart, Timothy Daley · 2023 · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)
- AVENGERS: Analysis of Variant Effects using Next Generation sequencing to Enhance BRCA2 StratificationSounak Sahu, Melissa Galloux, Eileen A. Southon, Dylan Caylor, Teresa L. Sullivan, Matteo Arnaudi, Josephine Geh, Raj Chari, Elena Papaleo, Shyam K. Sharan · 2023 · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)
- Sequence-function mapping of proline-rich antimicrobial peptidesJonathan Collins, Adam McConnell, Zachary D. Schmitz, Benjamin J. Hackel · 2024 · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)
- HERMES: Holographic Equivariant neuRal network model for Mutational Effect and Stability predictionGian Marco Visani, William Galvin, Zac Jones, Michael Neal Pun, Eric Daniel, Kevin Borisiak, Utheri Wagura, Armita Nourmohammad · 2024 · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)
- Effects of residue substitutions on the cellular abundance of proteinsThea K. Schulze, Kresten Lindorff‐Larsen · 2024 · eLife
- Making deep mutational scanning accessible: a cost-efficient approach to construct barcoded libraries for genes of any lengthJessica Jann, Isabelle Gagnon‐Arsenault, Alicia Pageau, Alexandre K. Dubé, Anna Fijarczyk, Romain Durand, Christian R. Landry · 2025 · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)
- TITINdb2—expanding annotation and structural information for protein variants in the giant sarcomeric protein titinWeston, Timir, Ng, Joseph, Gracia Carmona, Oriol, Gautel, Mathias, Fraternali, Franca · 2024 · Bioinformatics Advances
- Crafting Genetic Diversity: Unlocking the Potential of Protein EvolutionVamsi Krishna Gali, Kang Lan Tee, Tuck Seng Wong · 2024 · SynBio
- Resolving discrepancies between chimeric and multiplicative measures of higher-order epistasisUthsav Chitra, Brian Arnold, Benjamin J. Raphael · 2025 · Nature Communications
- MMRT: MultiMut Recursive Tree for predicting functional effects of high-order protein variants from low-order variantsBryce Forrest, Houssemeddine Derbel, Zhongming Zhao, Qian Liu · 2025 · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal
- High-resolution deep mutational scanning of the melanocortin-4 receptor enables target characterization for drug discoveryConor J Howard, Nathan S. Abell, Beatriz A. Osuna, Eric M. Jones, Leon Y Chan, Henry W.-S. Chan, Dean R. Artis, Jonathan B Asfaha, Joshua S. Bloom, Aaron R. Cooper et al. · 2024 · eLife
- AlphaMissenseR: an integrated framework for investigating missense mutations in human protein-coding genesTram N. Nguyen, Tyrone Lee, Nitesh Turaga, Robert C. Gentleman, Ludwig Geistlinger, Martin T. Morgan · 2024 · Bioinformatics Advances
- Considering Metabolic Context in Enzyme Evolution and DesignDhiraj Dokwal, Philip M. Brown, Karolina Filipowska, Kimberly A. Reynolds · 2025 · Biochemistry
- CRISPR–Cas9 mediated gene therapy in inherited bone marrow failure syndromesNadeesha J. S. Munugoda Hewa, Rajendra KC, Alex William Hewitt, Kirsten A. Fairfax · 2025 · Frontiers in Hematology
- MAAD: multidimensional antiviral antibody databaseYixin Li, Jinyue Wang, Chun Zhang, Yuxia Zhang, Jing Deng, Han Zhang, Mingkai Li, Fan Wang, Xiangxi Wang · 2025 · Protein & Cell
- The fitness landscape of a form II rubisco in a photosynthetic bacterium guides engineering of oxygen toleranceUte A. Hoffmann, Axel Knave, Anna Zoey Schuppe, Sebastià Capó‐Bauçà, Pere Aguiló‐Nicolau, Karen Schriever, Anna Karlsson, Michele Russo, Emil Sporre, Mami Matsuda et al. · 2026 · Science Advances
- DSSA-PPI: enhancing binding affinity change prediction upon protein mutations using disentangled structure–sequence aware attentionJuhong Wu, Jiehui Sun, Tian Liang, Yongqi Zhang, Han Zhang, Tianyi Zhang, Xianmin Feng, Ping Gao, Peng Xu, Jinyu Li · 2025 · Chemical Science
- SPIN-guided engineering of a novel (R)-amine transaminase from Fusarium albosuccineum for enantioselective synthesis of chiral piperidyl aminesRuizhou Tang, Jiahuan Li, Xiaole Yang, Xia Tian, Zehui Wang, Xuning Zhang, Tingting Li · 2025 · Synthetic and Systems Biotechnology
- Concentration‐dependent mutational scanning probes the cellular folding landscape of α‐synuclein in yeastDaeun Noh, Robert W. Newberry · 2026 · Protein Science
- A multiplex, prime editing framework for identifying drug resistance variants at scaleFlorence M.C. Abadie, Chase C. Suiter, Nahum T. Smith, Riza M. Daza, Mary C Rominger, Phoebe C. R. Parrish, Troy A. McDiarmid, Jean‐Benoît Lalanne, Beth Martin, Diego Calderon et al. · 2026 · Cell Genomics
- Signatures of Electron–Hole Hopping in Myoglobin Peroxidase Activity Revealed by Deep Mutational LearningChristoph Küng, Alperen Dalkıran, Rosario Vanella, Diego A. Oyarzún, Michael A. Nash · 2026 · ACS Catalysis
- Massively parallel quantification of mutational impact on IAPP amyloid formationMarta Badia, Cristina Batlle, Benedetta Bolognesi · 2026 · Nature Communications
- Origins and breadth of pairwise epistasis in an α-helix of β-lactamase TEM-1Birgy, André, Roussel, Clément, Kemble, Harry, Mullaert, Jimmy, Panigoni, Karine, Chapron, Audrey, Magnan, Mélanie, Jacquier, Hervé, Cocco, Simona, Monasson, Rémi et al. · 2026 · Nature Communications
- Overcoming extrapolation challenges of deep learning by incorporating physics in protein sequence-function modelingShrishti Barethiya, Jian Huang, Clarice Stumpf, Xiao Liu, Hui Guan, Jianhan Chen · 2026 · PLoS Computational Biology
- Mutational scan of self-cleavage by HIV-1 protease provides new views of a conformationally dynamic mechanismGily S. Nachum, Jeffrey I. Boucher, Julia M. Flynn, Princess Quansah, Sivan Nachum, Daniel N. A. Bolon · 2026 · Journal of Virology
- Sequence Display Enables Large-Scale Sequence–Activity Datasets for Rapid Protein EvolutionLin-Qi Cheng, Xinzhe Zheng, S. Jiang, Yu Hu, Yi-Jie Liu, Kai-Qiang Yang, Jin-Yan Rui, Hao-Xue Ding, Mengxi Zhang, Teng Yuan et al. · 2026 · Nature Biotechnology
- Genotype-by-inhibitor interactions to dissect enterovirus replicationWilliam Bakhache, Walker Symonds-Orr, Patrick Dolan · 2026 · Nature Communications
- Brave new RNA world(s): from prebiotic chemistry to gene regulation and RNA technologyAlexis A. Flores-García, Aura Hernandez-Rodriguez, E. Isabel López-Brito, Dafne F. Nava-Domínguez, Sebastian P. Pasapera, R. Franchesca Pazos-Murillo, Tonatzin Pineda-Diaz, Alberto Vázquez-Salazar · 2026 · Frontiers in Genetics
- Decoding viral evolution through integrative bioinformatics: From genomes to global health龍介 木村, Yuriko Hayashi, Yuka Fujimoto-Sato, Haruyuki Ishii, Yoshiyuki Suzuki, Kazuhiko Katayama, Fuminori Mizukoshi, Akihide Ryo, Hirokazu Kimura · 2026 · Virology
- Discovery of Nanobodies against Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine by Integrating Next-Generation Sequencing and Moderate Random MutagenesisChenxi Gao, Liuchuan Guo, Huijuan Yang, Y S Zhang, Xuezhi Yu, Kai Wen, Wenbo Yu, Xiao Liang, Jianzhong Shen, Yantong Pan et al. · 2026 · Analytical Chemistry
- Mechanistic Mutational Scanning to Uncover the Secret Life of ProteinsMatthew K. Howard, Willow Coyote‐Maestas · 2026 · Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science
- Advances in genomics-driven genetic decoding and genomic design breeding in tomatoZihui Ding, Zhangjun Fei, Sanwen Huang, Y N Wu · 2026 · Horticulture Research
- Machine Learning-Driven Simulations of the SARS-CoV-2 Fitness Landscape from Deep Mutational Scanning ExperimentsAleksander E. P. Durumeric, Sean McCarty, Jay Smith, Jonas Köhler, Katarina Elez, Lluı́s Raich, Patricia Suriana, Terra Sztain · 2026 · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling
- High-throughput screening approach identifies substrate-selective Hsp104 variants that counter amyloid seeding with diminished off-target effectsJeremy J. Ryan, Karlie R. Miller, Anuradhika Puri, Macy L. Sprunger, Madalyn M. Bochantine, April Lopez, Sheng Chen, Aaron Bao, Cendi Ling, Andy Xu et al. · 2026 · Molecular Cell
- Concepts of RNA virus evolution for the design of better antiviral countermeasuresQuoc-Tuan Tran, Marco Vignuzzi · 2026 · Nature Reviews Microbiology
- Development and non-clinical characterization of Procizumab (invobenitug): a humanized antibody neutralizing circulating DPP3Magali Genest, Dirk P. T. van Lier, Theo Ikenna Uba, Anika Schroeter, Adrien Picod, Hugo Nordin, Noma Assad, Gwendolyn Marguerit, Alexis nguyen, Andreas Bergmann et al. · 2026 · mAbs
- Comprehensive mutagenesis defines the functional landscape of human α-tubulinKaiming Xu, Zhengyang Guo, Z Chen, Ming Li, Zongxian Chen, Deyang Zhang, Y Wang, Yongping Chai, Jinxiang Zhang, Hui Wang et al. · 2026 · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- The shape of fitness functions and the distribution of mutational effect sizes jointly limit adaptation by regulatory mutationsSimon Aubé, Alexandre K. Dubé, Christian R. Landry · 2026 · Nature Ecology & Evolution
- Engineering DNA-Targeting CRISPR and CRISPR-Like Effectors: Advances from Rational Design and High-Throughput Screening to AI-Driven DevelopmentLingwei She, Zeyu Liang, Qin Zou, Yi‐Xin Huo · 2026 · ACS Synthetic Biology
- Multi-objective prioritization of genes for high-throughput functional assays towards improved clinical variant classificationYile Chen, Shantanu Jain, Daniel Zeiberg, Lilia M. Iakoucheva, Sean David Mooney, Predrag Radivojac A, Vikas Rao Pejaver · 2022 · Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing (PSB)
- Evolutionary druggability for low-dimensional fitness landscapes toward new metrics for antimicrobial applicationsRafael F. Guerrero, Tandin Dorji, Ra’Mal M. Harris, Matthew D. Shoulders, C. Brandon Ogbunugafor · 2023 · eLife
- Divergent SelectionRees Kassen · 2024 · Oxford University Press eBooks
- Evolutionary druggability for low-dimensional fitness landscapes toward new metrics for antimicrobial applicationsRafael F. Guerrero, Tandin Dorji, Ra’Mal M. Harris, Matthew D. Shoulders, C. Brandon Ogbunugafor · 2024 · eLife
- Engineering inhibitory repeat domains of Pin-II type proteinase inhibitors indicate their high structural-functional tolerance to mutagenesisRanjit S. Barbole, Rakesh S. Joshi, Ashok Prabhakar Giri · 2024 · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
- Deep mutational scanning of the Trypanosoma brucei developmental regulator RBP6 reveals an essential disordered region influenced by positive residuesSaúl Rojas-Sánchez, Nikolay G. Kolev, Christian Tschudi · 2025 · Nature Communications
- Deep structure–function analysis of the endonuclease Mus81 with dominant mutational scanningAnthony Oppedisano, Melanie L. Bailey, Arun Kumar, Nigel J. O’Neil, Peter C. Stirling, Philip Hieter · 2025 · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Benchmarking Probabilistic Modeling Methods for Protein Fitness Prediction and Uncertainty QuantificationNiketa Penumajji · 2025 · International Conference on Data Science and Information System (ICDSIS)
- TILLCANN: a TILLING platform in Cannabis sativa for mutation discovery and crop improvementDiana Duarte‐Delgado, Konstantinos G. Alexiou, Marta Pujol, Cristóbal Uauy, Nikolai Maria Adamski, Victoria Vidal, Anthony Torres, Christopher Zalewski, Reggie Gaudino, Amparo Monfort et al. · 2025 · Molecular Horticulture
- Barcoding mit Nukleinsäuren: Anwendung der DNA‐Sequenzierung als molekulares ZählwerkGlen Liszczak, Tom W. Muir · 2018 · Angewandte Chemie
- Landscape-Based BiologyAndrew D. Ellington · 2015 · Journal of Molecular Evolution
- High-throughput evaluation of synthetic metabolic pathwaysJustin R. Klesmith, Timothy A. Whitehead · 2015 · TECHNOLOGY
- (Photo)convert to pooled visual screeningElena Ivanova, Anton Khmelinskii · 2020 · Molecular Systems Biology
- Keeping Pace with CYP2D6 Haplotype Discovery: Innovative Methods to Assign FunctionKaren E Brown, Jack W Staples, Erica L. Woodahl · 2022 · Pharmacogenomics
- Combinatorial Approaches for Efficient Design of Photoswitchable Protein-Protein Interactions as In Vivo ActuatorsXiao Zhang, Yuxin Pan, Shoukai Kang, Liangcai Gu · 2022 · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
- Engineering Proteins by Combining Deep Mutational Scanning and Yeast DisplayPreeti Apurve Sharma, Erik Procko, David M. Kranz · 2022 · Methods in molecular biology
- Understanding and evolving prions by yeast multiplexed assaysMireia Seuma, Benedetta Bolognesi · 2022 · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
- Disentangling the Contribution of Each Descriptive Characteristic of Every Single Mutation to Its Functional EffectsC. K. Sruthi, Meher K. Prakash · 2021 · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling
- Fast computational mutation-response scanning of proteinsJulián Echave · 2021 · PeerJ
- A CRISPR-dCas9 System for Assaying and Selecting for RNase III Activity In Vivo in Escherichia coliPricila Hauk, Ryan Weeks, Marc Ostermeier · 2022 · The CRISPR Journal
- dms2dfe: Comprehensive Workflow for Analysis of Deep Mutational Scanning DataRohan Dandage, Kausik Chakraborty · 2016 · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)
- Physical epistatic landscape of antibody binding affinityRhys Adams, Justin B. Kinney, Aleksandra M. Walczak, Thierry Mora · 2017 · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)
- Generation of a Sleeping Beauty transposon-based cellular system for rapid and sensitive identification of SARS-CoV-2 host dependency and restriction factorsMarek Widera, Alexander Wilhelm, Tuna Toptan, Johanna M. Raffel, Eric Kowarz, Fabian Roesmann, Anna Lena Siemund, Vanessa Luciano, Marius Külp, Jennifer Reis et al. · 2021 · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)