Ferroelectric quantum criticality

Abstract

Materials tuned to the neighbourhood of a zero temperature phase transition often show the emergence of novel quantum phenomena. Much of the effort to study these new effects, like the breakdown of the conventional Fermi-liquid theory of metals has been focused in narrow band electronic systems. Ferroelectric crystals provide a very different type of quantum criticality that arises purely from the crystalline lattice. In many cases the ferroelectric phase can be tuned to absolute zero using hydrostatic pressure or chemical or isotopic substitution. Close to such a zero temperature phase transition, the dielectric constant and other quantities change into radically unconventional forms due to the quantum fluctuations of the electrical polarization. The simplest ferroelectrics may form a text-book paradigm of quantum criticality in the solid-state as the difficulties found in metals due to a high density of gapless excitations on the Fermi surface are avoided. We present low temperature high precision data demonstrating these effects in pure single crystals of SrTiO 3 and KTaO 3 . We outline a model for describing the physics of ferroelectrics close to quantum criticality and highlight the expected 1/ T 2 dependence of the dielectric constant measured over a wide temperature range at low temperatures. In the neighbourhood of the quantum critical point we report the emergence of a small frequency independent peak in the dielectric constant at approximately 2 K in SrTiO 3 and 3 K in KTaO 3 believed to arise from coupling to acoustic phonons. Looking ahead, we suggest that ferroelectrics could be used as systems in which to controllably build in extra complexity around the quantum critical point. example, in ferroelectric anti-ferroelectric supporting quantum