Cited by 409Melanoma and MAPK PathwaysProtein Kinase Regulation and GTPase SignalingProtein Tyrosine Phosphatases

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 125 of the 125 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

New perspectives for targeting RAF kinase in human cancer

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Abstract

The discovery that a subset of human tumours is dependent on mutationally deregulated BRAF kinase intensified the development of RAF inhibitors to be used as potential therapeutics. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved second-generation RAF inhibitors vemurafenib and dabrafenib have elicited remarkable responses and improved survival of patients with BRAF-V600E/K melanoma, but their effectiveness is limited by resistance. Beyond melanoma, current clinical RAF inhibitors show modest efficacy when used for colorectal and thyroid BRAF-V600E tumours or for tumours harbouring BRAF alterations other than the V600 mutation. Accumulated experimental and clinical evidence indicates that the complex biochemical mechanisms of RAF kinase signalling account both for the effectiveness of RAF inhibitors and for the various mechanisms of tumour resistance to them. Recently, a number of next-generation RAF inhibitors, with diverse structural and biochemical properties, have entered preclinical and clinical development. In this Review, we discuss the current understanding of RAF kinase regulation, mechanisms of inhibitor action and related clinical resistance to these drugs. The recent elucidation of critical structural and biochemical aspects of RAF inhibitor action, combined with the availability of a number of structurally diverse RAF inhibitors currently in preclinical and clinical development, will enable the design of more effective RAF inhibitors and RAF-inhibitor-based therapeutic strategies, tailored to different clinical contexts.

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Metadata

Authors
Karoulia, Z., Gavathiotis, E., & Poulikakos, P. I.
Affiliations
  • Tisch Cancer Institute (US)
  • Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
Corresponding author
Poulikakos, Poulikos I.
Venue
Nature Reviews Cancer
Published
2017-10-06
Volume
17
Issue
11
Pages
676-691
ISSN
  • 1474-175X (ISSN-L)
  • 1474-1768
OpenAlex
W2762842128
Cited by
404
References
125
Citations by year
2026: 24 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 2
FWCI
3.83
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Nature reviews. Cancer (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • Dermatology Foundation
  • Melanoma Research Alliance
  • Sidney Kimmel Foundation for Cancer Research
  • Sidney Kimmel Foundation
  • Pershing Square Sohn Cancer Research Alliance
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Cancer Institute (R01CA178394, R01CA204314)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Melanoma and MAPK Pathways
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
Keywords
Raf kinase, BRAF mutation, RAF inhibitors, vemurafenib, dabrafenib, melanoma, BRAF V600E mutation, drug resistance, colorectal cancer, thyroid cancer, inhibitor design
MeSH terms
Humans, Neoplasms, Protein Kinase Inhibitors, raf Kinases

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