The DOI matches its Crossref record; 176 of the 177 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
From tumour heterogeneity to advances in precision treatment of colorectal cancer
Open accessAbstract
In recent years, the high heterogeneity of colorectal cancer (CRC) has become evident. Hence, biomarkers need to be developed that enable the stratification of patients with CRC into different prognostic subgroups and in relation to response to therapies, according to the distinctive tumour biology. Currently, only RAS-mutation status is used routinely as a negative predictive marker to avoid treatment with anti-EGFR agents in patients with metastatic CRC, and mismatch-repair status can guide the use of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with early stage colon cancer. Advances in molecular biology over the past decade have enabled a better understanding of the development of CRC, as well as the more-precise use of innovative targeted therapies for this disease, and include three fundamental achievements. First, the availability of large databases to capture and store the genomic landscape of patients with CRC, providing information on the genes that are frequently deregulated in CRC. Second, the possibility of using gene-expression profiling to differentiate the subtypes of CRC into prognostic groups. Third, results from highly sensitive next-generation sequencing analyses have led to an appreciation of the extensive intratumoural heterogeneity of CRC. Herein, we discuss these advances and place them into the clinical context, and present the novel targets and therapeutic opportunities that are on the horizon.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“5-FU/LV is useful in palliative therapy for mCRC, but the development of effective doublet combination therapy regimens, including FOLFOX (folinic acid (leucovorin), 5-FU, oxaliplatin) and FOLFIRI (leucovorin, 5-FU, irinotecan) [10], resulted in significant survival advantages.”
From Recent Advances in Therapeutic Strategies to Improve Colorectal Cancer Treatment (2024) · cites this paper as [10]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis
Fearon, E. R., & Vogelstein, B. (1990) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90186-i · Cited by 12,132
Bevacizumab plus Irinotecan, Fluorouracil, and Leucovorin for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Hurwitz, H., Fehrenbacher, L., Novotny, W., Cartwright, T., Hainsworth, J., Heim, W., Berlin, J., Baron, A., Griffing, S., Holmgren, E., et al. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa032691 · Cited by 10,968
PD-1 Blockade in Tumors with Mismatch-Repair Deficiency
Le, D. T., Uram, J. N., Wang, H., Bartlett, B. R., Kemberling, H., Eyring, A. D., Skora, A. D., Luber, B. S., Azad, N. S., Laheru, D., et al. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1500596 · Cited by 9,377
Comprehensive molecular characterization of human colon and rectal cancer
The Cancer Genome Atlas Network (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11252 · Cited by 8,499
The Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia enables predictive modelling of anticancer drug sensitivity
Barretina, J., Caponigro, G., Stransky, N., Venkatesan, K., Margolin, A. A., Kim, S., Wilson, C. J., Lehár, J., Kryukov, G. V., Sonkin, D., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11003 · Cited by 7,950
The consensus molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer
Guinney, J., Dienstmann, R., Wang, X., de Reyniès, A., Schlicker, A., Soneson, C., Marisa, L., Roepman, P., Nyamundanda, G., Angelino, P., et al. (2015) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3967 · Cited by 5,170
Self-citationA human colon cancer cell capable of initiating tumour growth in immunodeficient mice
O'Brien, C. A., Pollett, A. F., Gallinger, S., & Dick, J. E. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05372 · Cited by 4,174
Identification and expansion of human colon-cancer-initiating cells
Ricci‐Vitiani, L., Lombardi, D. G., Pilozzi, E., Biffoni, M., Todaro, M., Peschle, C., & Maria, R. D. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05384 · Cited by 4,001
Cetuximab and Chemotherapy as Initial Treatment for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Van Cutsem, E., Köhne, C.-H., Hitre, E., Zaluski, J., Chang Chien, C.-R., Makhson, A., D'Haens, G., Pintér, T., Lim, R., Bodoky, G., et al. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0805019 · Cited by 3,877
K-ras Mutations and Benefit from Cetuximab in Advanced Colorectal Cancer
Karapetis, C. S., Khambata-Ford, S., Jonker, D. J., O'Callaghan, C. J., Tu, D., Tebbutt, N. C., Simes, R. J., Chalchal, H., Shapiro, J. D., Robitaille, S., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0804385 · Cited by 3,622
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 177 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–677 of 677
Ge, C., Huang, X., Zhang, S., Yuan, M., Tan, Z., Xu, C., Jie, Q., Zhang, J., Zou, J., Zhu, Y., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26565162
Zhang, M., Zhou, Z., Pan, X.-K., Zhou, Y.-J., Li, H.-O., Qiu, P.-S., Zhang, M.-N., Peng, R.-Y., Wang, H., Liu, L., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13107624
Lin, D., Fan, W., Zhang, R., Zhao, E., Li, P., Zhou, W., Peng, J., & Li, L. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14889400
Lin, D., Fan, W., Zhang, R., Zhao, E., Li, P., Zhou, W., Peng, J., & Li, L. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14889373
Yu, X., She, P.-W., Chen, F.-C., Chen, Y.-Y., Zhou, S., Wang, X.-M., Lin, X.-R., Liu, Q.-L., Huang, Z.-J., & Qiu, Y. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26682571
Buikhuisen, J. Y., Barila, P. M. G., Cameron, K., Suijkerbuijk, S. J. E., Lieftink, C., Franco, S. D., García, A. K., Uceda-Castro, R., Lenos, K., Nijman, L. E., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22626335
Self-citationAdditional file 5 of The expression and clinical significance of CFAP65 in colon cancer
Li, Y., Ran, D., Basnet, S., Zhang, B., Pei, H., Dan, C., Zhang, Z., Zhang, L., Lu, T., Peng, Y., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26748119
Ma, Y., Li, J., Zhao, X., Ji, C., Hu, W., Ma, Y., Qu, F., Sun, Y., & Zhang, X. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26699171
Lin, D., Fan, W., Zhang, R., Zhao, E., Li, P., Zhou, W., Peng, J., & Li, L. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14889367
Shen, R., Li, P., Zhang, B., Feng, L., & Cheng, S. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21301433
Yue, Q., Zhang, Y., Wang, F., Cao, F., Duan, X., & Bai, J. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19581986
Ma, Y., Li, J., Zhao, X., Ji, C., Hu, W., Ma, Y., Qu, F., Sun, Y., & Zhang, X. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26699174
Ma, Y., Li, J., Zhao, X., Ji, C., Hu, W., Ma, Y., Qu, F., Sun, Y., & Zhang, X. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26699177
Lin, D., Fan, W., Zhang, R., Zhao, E., Li, P., Zhou, W., Peng, J., & Li, L. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14889379
Cai, J., Yang, Y., Zhang, L., Fang, Y., Zhang, Y., Tan, M., Zhang, J., Tang, C., Ren, H., Wang, L., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25792748
Shen, R., Li, P., Zhang, B., Feng, L., & Cheng, S. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21301469
Lin, D., Fan, W., Zhang, R., Zhao, E., Li, P., Zhou, W., Peng, J., & Li, L. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14889403
Additional file 1 of The expression and clinical significance of CFAP65 in colon cancer
Li, Y., Ran, D., Basnet, S., Zhang, B., Pei, H., Dan, C., Zhang, Z., Zhang, L., Lu, T., Peng, Y., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26748107
Shen, R., Li, P., Zhang, B., Feng, L., & Cheng, S. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21301436
Zhao, Y., Liang, X., Duan, X., & Zhang, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26592068
Lin, D., Fan, W., Zhang, R., Zhao, E., Li, P., Zhou, W., Peng, J., & Li, L. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14889370
Si, Z., Yu, L., Jing, H., Wu, L., & Wang, X. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14100163
Ge, C., Huang, X., Zhang, S., Yuan, M., Tan, Z., Xu, C., Jie, Q., Zhang, J., Zou, J., Zhu, Y., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26565165
Zhao, Y., Liang, X., Duan, X., & Zhang, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26592053
Yu, X., She, P.-W., Chen, F.-C., Chen, Y.-Y., Zhou, S., Wang, X.-M., Lin, X.-R., Liu, Q.-L., Huang, Z.-J., & Qiu, Y. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25248919
Shen, R., Li, P., Zhang, B., Feng, L., & Cheng, S. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21301439
Lin, D., Fan, W., Zhang, R., Zhao, E., Li, P., Zhou, W., Peng, J., & Li, L. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14889358
Zhao, Y., Liang, X., Duan, X., & Zhang, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26592056
Zhao, Y., Liang, X., Duan, X., & Zhang, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26592077
Cai, J., Yang, Y., Zhang, L., Fang, Y., Zhang, Y., Tan, M., Zhang, J., Tang, C., Ren, H., Wang, L., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25792841
Ma, Y., Li, J., Zhao, X., Ji, C., Hu, W., Ma, Y., Qu, F., Sun, Y., & Zhang, X. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26699162
Zhao, Y., Liang, X., Duan, X., & Zhang, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26592065
Song, D., Guo, M. Z., Xu, S., Xiaotian, S., Bai, B., Li, Z., Chen, J., An, Y., Nie, Y., Wu, K., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14600425
Additional file 3 of The expression and clinical significance of CFAP65 in colon cancer
Li, Y., Ran, D., Basnet, S., Zhang, B., Pei, H., Dan, C., Zhang, Z., Zhang, L., Lu, T., Peng, Y., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26748113
Shen, R., Li, P., Zhang, B., Feng, L., & Cheng, S. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21301427
Shen, R., Li, P., Zhang, B., Feng, L., & Cheng, S. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21301442
Salehitabar, E., Mahdevar, M., Motlagh, A. V., Forootan, F. S., Feizbakhshan, S., Zohrabi, D., & Peymani, M. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20962450
Alexander, J. L., Posma, J. M., Scott, A. J., Poynter, L., Mason, S., Dória, M. L., Herendi, L., Roberts, L., McDonald, J. A. K., Cameron, S., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22790342
Zhao, Y., Liang, X., Duan, X., & Zhang, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26592071
Additional file 2 of The expression and clinical significance of CFAP65 in colon cancer
Li, Y., Ran, D., Basnet, S., Zhang, B., Pei, H., Dan, C., Zhang, Z., Zhang, L., Lu, T., Peng, Y., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26748110
Ma, Y., Li, J., Zhao, X., Ji, C., Hu, W., Ma, Y., Qu, F., Sun, Y., & Zhang, X. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26699168
Shen, R., Li, P., Zhang, B., Feng, L., & Cheng, S. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21301430
Güzel, H. G., Salim, D. K., Karancı, E. U., Acun, M., Çatlı, M. M., Çiçek, C. M., Karaman, Y., Kaya, B. E., Terzi, A., Köseoğlu, Ç., et al. (2026) · Cancer Management and Research · doi:10.2147/cmar.s570548
Lu, Q., Zheng, L., Su, J., Ma, W., Ma, H., & Zhang, Y. (2026) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2026.109672
Jiao, F., Liu, Y., Tang, Z., Han, S., Li, T., Zhang, Y., Liu, P., Huang, G., Li, H., Zheng, Y., et al. (2026) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering13020137
“Exclusion criteria: [1] Prior liver-directed therapy (e.g., ablation) [2].”
Jiang, T., Zhu, S., Zhou, H., Zhang, N., Zhang, L., Zou, C., & Song, H. (2026) · Cancer Informatics · doi:10.1177/11769351251412614
Navarrete‐Sirvent, C., Rivas‐Crespo, A., Sánchez-Montero, M. T., Díaz‐Chacón, A., Peña-Enríquez, R., Aranda, E., Rodríguez‐Ariza, A., & Guil‐Luna, S. (2026) · Methods in cell biology · doi:10.1016/bs.mcb.2026.01.001
Biología molecular del cáncer colorrectal
García‐Foncillas, J., Jiménez, P., Ávila-Rodríguez, V., Macías, S. I. G., Manrique, M. E., Rendón-Hernández, J., Angarita, J. M., Calvo, J. F., & Bonilla, C. E. (2026) · Revista Colombiana de Hematología y Oncología · doi:10.51643/22562915.853
In Silico Analysis of the Dual Role of Tumor Microenvironment on Colon Cancer Subtypes
Kehinde, C. T., Livesey, M., Manganyi, Y., & Bendou, H. (2026) · Cancer Informatics · doi:10.1177/11769351261431245
“18 This highlights the importance of gene expression analysis across the multi-stage disease progression.”
Balogoun, R. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/b078c676z06b0z4093za0f0zf4b5ac1484fb
Ma, L., Luo, W., Liu, E., Zhang, S., Zheng, L., Liu, Z., Guo, Q., Li, Z., & Gao, H. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-46560-4
“CRC is a highly heterogeneous disease in clinical and molecular features, causing great variation in tumor progression and treatment response 34 .”
The patient journey and guideline-concordant care in colorectal cancer—is current practice enough?
Barnett, C. C., Oliver, G. R., Schoenberg, M. R., Smith, H. P., & Smythe, W. R. (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1810895
“Currently, there are no validated markers that can reliably guide chemotherapy selection in patients for whom histopathologic staging indicates that systemic therapy may be beneficial (4, 5).”
Targeted Therapies: Precision in Cancer Treatment
Kumar, M., Awasthi, A., Jindal, P., & Chauhan, D. (2026) · BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS eBooks · doi:10.2174/9798898814144126010005
Co‐Assembling 3D In Vitro Model to Recreate the Colorectal Tumor Microenvironment
Martínez-Espuga, M., Sagadevan, S., Ligorio, C., Balasubramanian, B., Pramanik, B., Dalleywater, W., Ordóñez‐Morán, P., & Mata, Á. (2026) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202505943
“Such variability influences tumor progression, recurrence, and resistance to therapy [1, 4, 5].”
Yin, M., Bo, X., Li, Y., Yu, S., Lin, Z., Wang, M., Wu, J., Zhou, M., Kong, L., Zhu, Y., et al. (2026) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-026-08375-9
“Recent multiregional and longitudinal sequencing studies have revealed dynamic changes in molecular subtypes during tumor progression and therapy, underscoring the limitations of static, bulk-tissue classifications [7, 8].”
CFHR5 promotes colorectal cancer by upregulating COX4I2 to inhibit ferroptosis
Dong, L., Gao, Y., Hu, J., & Wang, F. (2026) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1097/ms9.0000000000004897
“For example, targeted agents such as cetuximab and bevacizumab are widely used in CRC therapy, enhancing chemotherapy efficacy by inhibiting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor pathways [2] .”
Khan, M. M., Hossain, M. A., Hossain, M. S., Gupta, D. D., Showrov, N. A., & Parvin, S. (2026) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2026.111854
Ran, F., Jiang, Z., Luo, L., Wu, Y., & Liang, L. (2026) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-026-12257-0
Moussa, R. A., Abdallah, Z. F., Aboalsoud, M., & Toni, N. D. M. (2026) · Egyptian Journal of Pathology · doi:10.4103/egjp.egjp_20_25
Li, X., Xu, S., Waqas, M., Zhang, H., Ouyang, D., & Huang, Z. (2026) · Bioorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bioorg.2026.110262
IL-27 shapes NK cell heterogeneity and function in colorectal cancer
Lucantonio, L., Kosta, A., Schiano, L., Sozio, F., Ruggeri, S., Peruzzi, G., Pietropaolo, G., Candelotti, A. M., Beltrame, L., Laffranchi, M., et al. (2026) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2025-014667
Lipid nanocarrier-based drug delivery for the treatment of colon cancer
Chauhan, S. B. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-40443-6.00015-5
Xiong, S., Zhao, Y., Cheng, X., Zeng, L., Wang, Y., Zhou, Y., Bai, X., Wang, J., Hu, J., Liu, Y., et al. (2026) · Bio-Design and Manufacturing · doi:10.1631/bdm.2500478
Esfahani, N. G., Emadi‐Baygi, M., Khanteymoori, A., Kakhaki, P. D., & Azar, B. (2026) · Informatics in Medicine Unlocked · doi:10.1016/j.imu.2026.101800
Cai, D., Qi, H., Yang, Q., Zhao, Y., Li, C., Hu, C., Zhang, Y., Huang, R., Mao, W., Wu, X., et al. (2026) · Research · doi:10.34133/research.1435
“Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a major clinical problem because patients with similar anatomical stage can experience different risks of recurrence, survival, and treatment response [ 1 – 3 ].”
Zincke, F., Kobelt, D., Klaeger, S., Pachl, F., Erdmann, G., Dahlmann, M., Walther, W., Küster, B., & Stein, U. (2026) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom16091267
“The landscape of cancer treatment has evolved with the addition of targeted therapies, often focusing on inhibitors of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling and downstream pathways [38,39].”
Zhang, X., Li, X., Chen, B., Cheng, X., He, Y., Zhou, C., Liu, J., & Yang, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2026.1855784
“Current clinical practice primarily relies on the AJCC-TNM staging system, which fails to adequately account for prognostic heterogeneity at the clinical and laboratory level, as patients with the same staging exhibit signi fi cant differences in recurrence risk and long-term survival (8, 9).”
Coskun, Z. M., Coskun, M., & Sezer, S. (2026) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb48090916
“This null result neither excludes prognostic effects nor establishes a role in tumour initiation rather than progression [21].”
Guo, T., Li, J., Xu, J., & Zhang, J. (2026) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1155/ijcp/4711974
Li, Q., Zhao, X., Ding, S., Zhang, W., Zhang, N., Sun, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2026) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2026.119339
van Duijvenvoorde, M., Kranenburg, O., van den Bos, M., Hagendoorn, J., Roodhart, J. M. L., Milne, A. N., Riele, W. W. T., Lange, M. M., Swijnenburg, R., Arensman, R., et al. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2026-128210
Liang, L., Lin, H., & Jun, L. (2026) · Acta Histochemica · doi:10.1016/j.acthis.2026.152377
Jiang, Z., Shi, X., Su, C., Ma, Y., Li, R., Chen, M., Cui, J., Hawkins, N., Ward, R., Bai, X., et al. (2026) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.78417
Metadata
- Authors
- Punt, C. J. A., Koopman, M., & Vermeulen, L.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Punt, Cornelis J. A.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology
- Published
- 2016-12-06
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 235-246
- ISSN
- 1759-4774 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-4782
- OpenAlex
- W2560375214
- Cited by
- 654
- References
- 177
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 96 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 28
- FWCI
- 4.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- pure.amsterdamumc.nl
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Maag Lever Darm Stichting (MLDS-CDG 14-03)
- H2020 European Research Council (638193)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Colorectal Cancer Treatments and Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Genetic factors in colorectal cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Colorectal Cancer Surgical Treatments
- Keywords
- colorectal cancer, intratumoral heterogeneity, precision medicine, targeted therapy, gene expression profiling, tumor subtypes, prognostic factors, predictive biomarkers, RAS mutations, DNA mismatch repair, anti-EGFR therapy, adjuvant chemotherapy, next-generation sequencing
- MeSH terms
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols, Forecasting, Humans, Immunotherapy, Neoplasm Metastasis, Neoplasm Proteins, Neoplasm Staging, Prognosis, Quality of Health Care, Colorectal Neoplasms, Treatment Outcome, Genetic Heterogeneity, Therapies, Investigational, Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf, DNA Mismatch Repair, Early Detection of Cancer, Precision Medicine, Molecular Targeted Therapy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
