The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 18 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
What's wrong with our cancer models?
Abstract
Oncology, as a therapeutic area, is characterized by a desperate medical need for new drugs; the use of drugs that kill cells and which are consequently often toxic; and rates of failure in expensive Phase III trials that eclipse many other disease areas. The poor performance of most investigational cancer drugs implies that the standard preclinical disease models are faulty or, at least, improperly used. Some studies, however, support the view that cancer models can be highly effective, but only when selected and interpreted with care.
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In the citing paper
“Together, this disconnect between conventional monolayer models and the complexity of the in vivo tumor environment contributes to the high rate of failure observed during the transition from preclinical studies to clinical development [11,12,13].”
From Modeling Tumor Microenvironment Complexity In Vitro: Spheroids as Physiologically Relevant Tumor Models and Strategies for Their Analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [13]
Citations
Cites
Can the pharmaceutical industry reduce attrition rates?
Kola, I., & Landis, J. (2004) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd1470 · Cited by 4,167
A gene expression database for the molecular pharmacology of cancer
Scherf, U., Ross, D. T., Waltham, M., Smith, L. H., Lee, J. K., Tanabe, L., Kohn, K. W., Reinhold, W. C., Myers, T. G., Andrews, D. T., et al. (2000) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/73439 · Cited by 1,450
Johnson, J. I., Decker, S., Zaharevitz, D., Rubinstein, L. V., Venditti, J. M., Schepartz, S., Kalyandrug, S., Christian, M., Arbuck, S., Hollingshead, M., et al. (2001) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1054/bjoc.2001.1796 · Cited by 856
Tuveson, D. A., Willis, N. A., Jacks, T., Griffin, J. D., Singer, S., Fletcher, C. D., Fletcher, J. A., & Demetri, G. D. (2001) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1204704 · Cited by 695
Development of TGF-β signalling inhibitors for cancer therapy
Yingling, J. M., Blanchard, K. L., & Sawyer, J. S. (2004) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd1580 · Cited by 549
(2003) · PubMed · Cited by 523
Imatinib as a Paradigm of Targeted Therapies
(2004) · Advances in Cancer Research · doi:10.1016/s0065-230x(04)91001-9 · Cited by 370
Trends in the Risks and Benefits to Patients With Cancer Participating in Phase 1 Clinical Trials
Roberts, T. G. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.17.2130 · Cited by 319
Conditional mouse models of sporadic cancer
Jonkers, J., & Berns, A. (2002) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc777 · Cited by 294
Combining biological networks to predict genetic interactions
Wong, S. L., Zhang, L. V., Tong, A. H. Y., Li, Z., Goldberg, D. S., King, O. D., Lesage, G., Vidal, M., Andrews, B., Bussey, H., et al. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0406614101 · Cited by 245
Cited by
Drost, J., & Clevers, H. (2018) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41568-018-0007-6 · Cited by 1,790
Pan, C., Kumar, C., Bohl, S., Klingmueller, U., & Mann, M. (2009) · Molecular & Cellular Proteomics · doi:10.1074/mcp.m800258-mcp200 · Cited by 561
Automated microfluidic platform for dynamic and combinatorial drug screening of tumor organoids
Schuster, B., Junkin, M., Kashaf, S. S., Romero-Calvo, I., Kirby, K., Matthews, J., Weber, C. R., Rzhetsky, A., White, K. P., & Tay, S. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19058-4 · Cited by 424
Organ-on-a-chip platforms: a convergence of advanced materials, cells, and microscale technologies
Ahadian, S., Civitarese, R., Bannerman, D., Mohammadi, M. H., Lu, R., Wang, E., Davenport‐Huyer, L., Lai, B., Zhang, B., Zhao, Y., et al. (2018) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.201700506 · Cited by 315
Why has therapy development for dementia failed in the last two decades?
Gauthier, S., Albert, M., Fox, N., Goedert, M., Kivipelto, M., Mestre‐Ferrandiz, J., & Middleton, L. T. (2016) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2015.12.003 · Cited by 238
Metadata
- Authors
- Kamb, A.
- Corresponding author
- Kamb, Alexander
- ORCID
- Kamb, Alexander
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
- Published
- 2005-02
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 161-165
- ISSN
- 1474-1776 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-1784
- OpenAlex
- W1579189600
- Cited by
- 335
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 6.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Drug Discovery (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Cells and Metastasis
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal testing and alternatives
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Veterinary Oncology Research
- Keywords
- animal models of cancer, anticancer drug development, drug toxicity, phase III trial failure, model selection, translational oncology
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antineoplastic Agents, Disease Models, Animal, Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor, Humans, Neoplasms, Treatment Failure, Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic, Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: What's wrong with our cancer models? https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1038/nrd1635
- The paper
- Kamb, A. (2005). What's wrong with our cancer models? Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd1635
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
