The DOI matches its Crossref record; 89 of the 90 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The evolution of sex-biased genes and sex-biased gene expression
Abstract
Differences between males and females in the optimal phenotype that is favoured by selection can be resolved by the evolution of differential gene expression in the two sexes. Microarray experiments have shown that such sex-biased gene expression is widespread across organisms and genomes. Sex-biased genes show unusually rapid sequence evolution, are often labile in their pattern of expression, and are non-randomly distributed in the genome. Here we discuss the characteristics and expression of sex-biased genes, and the selective forces that shape this previously unappreciated source of phenotypic diversity. Sex-biased gene expression has implications beyond just evolutionary biology, including for medical genetics.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs
Altschul, S. (1997) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/25.17.3389 · Cited by 73,302
Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors
Margulies, M., Egholm, M., Altman, W. E., Attiya, S., Bader, J. S., Bemben, L. A., Berka, J., Braverman, M. S., Chen, Y.-J., Chen, Z., et al. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03959 · Cited by 7,693
Serial Analysis of Gene Expression
Velculescu, V. E., Zhang, L., Vogelstein, B., & Kinzler, K. W. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.270.5235.484 · Cited by 3,713
X-inactivation profile reveals extensive variability in X-linked gene expression in females
Carrel, L., & Willard, H. F. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03479 · Cited by 2,097
Arnqvist, G., & Rowe, L. (2005) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400850600 · Cited by 1,622
Bennetzen, J. L., & Hall, B. D. (1982) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)81068-2 · Cited by 1,584
Ikemura, T. (1981) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-2836(81)90003-6 · Cited by 1,423
The rapid evolution of reproductive proteins
Swanson, W. J., & Vacquier, V. D. (2002) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg733 · Cited by 1,316
SEX CHROMOSOMES AND THE EVOLUTION OF SEXUAL DIMORPHISM
Rice, W. R. (1984) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1984.tb00346.x · Cited by 1,174
Sexually antagonistic male adaptation triggered by experimental arrest of female evolution
Rice, W. R. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/381232a0 · Cited by 1,074
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 90 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–924 of 924
DeCasien, A. R. (2026) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-026-12611-3
Organization and evolution of sex-biased gene expression in Drosophila adult sexual circuitsPreprint
Chen, D. S., Gifford, H., Kurmangaliyev, Y. Z., & Ding, Y. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.02.28.708756 · Cited by 1
Nie, Y., Yang, K., Cao, C., & Huang, Y. (2026) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-026-12729-4
Tsang, S. S. K., Nong, W., Xie, Y., Qu, Z., Yip, H. Y., Gaitan-Espitia, J. D., Tai, A. P. K., Yeung, Y. Y., Tobe, S. S., Bendena, W. G., et al. (2026) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evag073
Approches intégrées du génome et du transcriptome dans les maladies complexes humaines
Rotival, M. (2011) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/1d7e1642zb94ez400dzae7fze395a5535444
Verspagen, N., Frapin, M., Roy, R. D., Mäkinen, H., Saastamoinen, M., & DiLeo, M. F. (2026) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.70309
Evolution of non-recombining region in mating-type chromosome from the fungal genus Microbotryum
Carpentier, F. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/d444c892zebb3z4f09zb27czb6ca28a76bc0
Monteiro, C. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/fe26fb43zd0eez4bacza888z02d5ccdc416a
Wang, R.-H., Luo, S.-H., Ma, J.-Y., Cui, L.-J., Tan, Q., Liu, K.-J., Tang, H., & Wang, J.-L. (2026) · Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - Bamidgeh · doi:10.46989/001c.158536
Glaser‐Schmitt, A., & Parsch, J. (2026) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msag081 · Cited by 1
Baltazar‐Soares, M., Heckwolf, M. J., Hoeppner, M. P., Karell, P., Wright, D., Nilsson, J., & Brommer, J. E. (2026) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.70338
Henot, M., Baird, R. B., Duncan, F., Lee, J. S. Y., & Ross, L. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.04.09.717474
Whittle, C. A., & Extavour, C. G. M. (2026) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evag093
O’Leary, T. S., & Lockwood, B. L. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.05.29.728885
Dong, X., Zhang, L., 朱华国, Peng, J., Lu, C., & Li, W. (2026) · BMC Plant Biology · doi:10.1186/s12870-026-09376-y
Tissue-specific epigenetic and genetic regulation of sexual dimorphism
Lundregan, S. L., Viitaniemi, H. M., Mäkinen, H., Rønning, B., Jensen, H., & Husby, A. (2026) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2025.0018
Genderized names and financial misreporting
Wang, Y., Wilson, C., & Ma, Z. (2026) · Emerging Markets Review · doi:10.1016/j.ememar.2026.101558
Davidson, P. L., Manley, I. G., & Moczek, A. P. (2026) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1012338
Sex-specific selection and sexual antagonism in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster
Hesketh, J. (2013) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
Metadata
- Authors
- Ellegren, H., & Parsch, J.
- Affiliations
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Ellegren, Hans
- Parsch, John
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Genetics
- Published
- 2007-08-07
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 689-698
- ISSN
- 1471-0056 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0064
- OpenAlex
- W2057277929
- Cited by
- 925
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 68 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 4.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
- Keywords
- sex-biased genes, sex-biased gene expression, sex differences, gene expression patterns, sexual dimorphism, phenotypic diversity, selection, medical genetics
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Chromosome Mapping, Codon, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Male, Selection, Genetic, Sex Characteristics, Sex Chromosomes, Open Reading Frames, Gene Dosage, Evolution, Molecular, Genes, X-Linked, Genes, Y-Linked
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
