Monocyte and macrophage heterogeneity
Abstract
Heterogeneity of the macrophage lineage has long been recognized and, in part, is a result of the specialization of tissue macrophages in particular microenvironments. Circulating monocytes give rise to mature macrophages and are also heterogeneous themselves, although the physiological relevance of this is not completely understood. However, as we discuss here, recent studies have shown that monocyte heterogeneity is conserved in humans and mice, allowing dissection of its functional relevance: the different monocyte subsets seem to reflect developmental stages with distinct physiological roles, such as recruitment to inflammatory lesions or entry to normal tissues. These advances in our understanding have implications for the development of therapeutic strategies that are targeted to modify particular subpopulations of monocytes.
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M2 macrophages are involved in polarized Th2 inflammatory reactions and characterized by expression of arginase-1 and mannose and scavenger receptors.
“In contrast, M2 macrophages are involved in polarized Th2 inflammatory reactions and characterized by expression of arginase-1 and mannose and scavenger receptors [19], [20].”
From Rac2 Controls Tumor Growth, Metastasis and M1-M2 Macrophage Differentiation In Vivo (2014) · cites this paper as [20]
The CD14++CD16- subpopulation represents a significant proportion of circulating monocytes in humans.
“While different subsets of monocytes have been described, it is generally accepted that the CD14 ++ CD16 À subpopulation represents a significant proportion of circulating monocytes in humans [12].”
From Biomaterial based modulation of macrophage polarization: a review and suggested design principles (2015) · cites this paper as [12]
Some tissue resident macrophages (e.g., brain, liver, heart) may be generated in utero during embryological development.
“however, recent evidence suggests that some tissue resident macrophages (e.g., brain, liver, heart) may be generated in utero during embryological development [12]”
From Biomaterial based modulation of macrophage polarization: a review and suggested design principles (2015) · cites this paper as [12]
Macrophages are a heterogeneous cell population with different markers and functions.
“Macrophages, like the monocytes from which they derive, are a heterogeneous cell population each with different markers and functions [1,8–12].”
From Macrophage polarization: an opportunity for improved outcomes in biomaterials and regenerative medicine (2012) · cites this paper as [1]
Ly6C expression is down-regulated during differentiation of blood monocytes or macrophages into tissue resident macrophages after migration to tissue.
“However, Ly6C expression is down-regulated during differentiation of blood monocytes or macrophages into tissue resident macrophages after migration to tissue.”
From Depletion of alveolar macrophages during influenza infection facilitates bacterial superinfections (2013) · cites this paper as [28]
GM-CSF enhances proliferation of resident pulmonary macrophages.
“enhances proliferation of resident pulmonary macrophages (28)”
From Depletion of alveolar macrophages during influenza infection facilitates bacterial superinfections (2013) · cites this paper as [28]
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References 98 · Cited by 5,190
- Authors
- Gordon, S., & Taylor, P. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Gordon, Siamon
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Immunology
- Published
- 2005-12-01
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 953-964
- ISSN
- 1474-1733 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-1741
- OpenAlex
- W2015141049
- Cited by
- 5,190
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 82 · 2025: 152 · 2024: 215 · 2023: 197 · 2022: 233 · 2021: 286 · 2020: 240 · 2019: 286 · 2018: 264 · 2017: 300 · 2016: 343 · 2015: 319 · 2014: 393 · 2013: 383 · 2012: 349
- FWCI
- 8.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Phagocytosis and Immune Regulation
- Keywords
- monocyte heterogeneity, macrophage heterogeneity, monocyte subsets, tissue macrophages, monocyte differentiation, monocyte recruitment, inflammatory lesions, monocyte development
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Differentiation, Dendritic Cells, Humans, Immune System, Macrophages, Monocytes, Species Specificity, Cell Lineage, Mice, Rats
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