The DOI matches its Crossref record; 155 of the 156 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Molecular and cellular insights into T cell exhaustion
Open accessAbstract
In chronic infections and cancer, T cells are exposed to persistent antigen and/or inflammatory signals. This scenario is often associated with the deterioration of T cell function: a state called 'exhaustion'. Exhausted T cells lose robust effector functions, express multiple inhibitory receptors and are defined by an altered transcriptional programme. T cell exhaustion is often associated with inefficient control of persisting infections and tumours, but revitalization of exhausted T cells can reinvigorate immunity. Here, we review recent advances that provide a clearer molecular understanding of T cell exhaustion and reveal new therapeutic targets for persisting infections and cancer.
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“Other situations of chronic antigen stimulation, such as cancer or chronic viral infections, result in T cell exhaustion, characterized by the progressive loss of cytokine expression, proliferative potential, and upregulation of inhibitory receptors (immune checkpoints).”
From Autoantigen-specific CD4+ T cells acquire an exhausted phenotype and persist in human antigen-specific autoimmune diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [32]
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“Exhaustion can be partially reversed by immune checkpoint inhibitors, providing the basis for successful therapies against cancer. 32,33”
From Autoantigen-specific CD4+ T cells acquire an exhausted phenotype and persist in human antigen-specific autoimmune diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [32]
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“In TME, prolonged antigen exposure leads to T cell exhaustion, marked by losing effector functions.”
From Contrasting cytotoxic and regulatory T cell responses underlying distinct clinical outcomes to anti-PD-1 plus lenvatinib therapy in cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“cells with an exhaustion signature (denoted exhausted, fig. S3B) overexpressing the Lag3, Tbc1d4, Sostdc1, and Tnfsf8 genes (22, 31)”
From Aging promotes reorganization of the CD4 T cell landscape toward extreme regulatory and effector phenotypes (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
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Citations
Cites
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Wherry, E. J. (2011) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.2035 · Cited by 4,062
Self-citationRestoring function in exhausted CD8 T cells during chronic viral infection
Barber, D. L., Wherry, E. J., Masopust, D., Zhu, B., Allison, J. P., Sharpe, A. H., Freeman, G. J., & Ahmed, R. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04444 · Cited by 4,057
Self-citationRegulation of type I interferon responses
Ivashkiv, L. B., & Donlin, L. T. (2013) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3581 · Cited by 3,442
PD-1 expression on HIV-specific T cells is associated with T-cell exhaustion and disease progression
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Self-citationControl of Viremia in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection by CD8 + Lymphocytes
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Molecular Signature of CD8+ T Cell Exhaustion during Chronic Viral Infection
Wherry, E. J., Ha, S.-J., Kaech, S. M., Haining, W. N., Sarkar, S., Kalia, V., Subramaniam, S., Blattman, J. N., Barber, D. L., & Ahmed, R. (2007) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2007.09.006 · Cited by 2,103
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Signatures of T cell dysfunction and exclusion predict cancer immunotherapy response
Jiang, P., Gu, S., Pan, D., Fu, J., Sahu, A., Hu, X., Li, Z., Traugh, N., Bu, X., Li, B., et al. (2018) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0136-1 · Cited by 5,179
Determining cell type abundance and expression from bulk tissues with digital cytometry
Newman, A. M., Steen, C. B., Liu, C. L., Gentles, A. J., Chaudhuri, A. A., Scherer, F., Khodadoust, M. S., Esfahani, M. S., Luca, B. A., Steiner, D. F., et al. (2019) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-019-0114-2 · Cited by 4,586
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Diao, B., Wang, C., Tan, Y., Chen, X., Liu, Y., Ning, L., Chen, L., Li, M., Liu, Y., Wang, G., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00827 · Cited by 2,475
Regulation and Function of the PD-L1 Checkpoint
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wherry, E. J., & Kurachi, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wherry, E. John
- Kurachi, Makoto
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Immunology
- Published
- 2015-07-24
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 486-499
- ISSN
- 1474-1733 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-1741
- PMC
- PMC4889009
- OpenAlex
- W1910012553
- Cited by
- 4,652
- References
- 156
- Citations by year
- 2026: 563 · 2025: 494 · 2024: 518 · 2023: 508 · 2022: 517 · 2021: 551 · 2020: 441 · 2019: 381 · 2018: 306 · 2017: 227 · 2016: 129 · 2015: 12
- FWCI
- 21.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (HHSN266200500030C)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (HHSN266200500030C, AI 082630, R01AI105343, AI095608, AI105343, AI112521, P01AI112521, U01AI095608, U19AI082630)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Cell Function and Interaction
- Keywords
- T cell exhaustion, chronic viral infection, cancer immunotherapy, inhibitory receptors, persistent antigen, inflammatory signals, transcriptional programs, therapeutic target
- MeSH terms
- Bacterial Infections, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Immunologic Memory, Lymphocyte Activation, Neoplasms, T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic, Transcription, Genetic, Virus Diseases, Signal Transduction, Cytokines, Clonal Anergy, CD57 Antigens, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory
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