Fortifying the barrier: the impact of lipid A remodelling on bacterial pathogenesis

Needham, Brittany D.; Trent, M. Stephen

doi:10.1038/nrmicro3047

Cited by 565Immune Response and InflammationEscherichia coli research studiesBacterial Genetics and Biotechnology

Fortifying the barrier: the impact of lipid A remodelling on bacterial pathogenesis

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Needham, Brittany D., Trent, M. Stephen·2013·Nature Reviews Microbiology

DOI 10.1038/nrmicro3047PMC PMC6913092

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Abstract

Gram-negative bacteria decorate their outermost surface structure, lipopolysaccharide, with elaborate chemical moieties, which effectively disguises them from immune surveillance and protects them from the onslaught of host defences. Many of these changes occur on the lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharide, a component that is crucial for host recognition of Gram-negative infection. In this Review, we describe the regulatory mechanisms controlling lipid A modification and discuss the impact of modifications on pathogenesis, bacterial physiology and bacterial interactions with the host immune system.

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Endotoxin is a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that constitutes much of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and is present at high concentrations in gut, gums, skin, and other tissues during bacterial infection.
“Endotoxin is a lipopolysaccharide (LPS), constituting much of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, present at high concentrations in gut, gums and skin and in other tissue during bacterial infection.”
From The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration (2019) · cites this paper as [3]
Endotoxin is released by bacteria and its toxicity is due to the host's inflammatory over-reaction rather than an intrinsic toxicity to animal cells.
“we now know that (i) endotoxin is released by bacteria and (ii) the toxicity of endotoxin is due to the host’s inflammatory over-reaction to it, rather than an intrinsic toxicity to animal cells [3, 16, 18].”
From The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration (2019) · cites this paper as [3]
Different species of gram-negative bacteria have different endotoxin structures, mainly due to differences in O-antigen and lipid A.
“Different species of gram-negative bacteria have different endotoxin structures, mainly due to differences in (i) the O-antigen, which determines the antigenicity of endotoxin, or (ii) lipid A, which is detected by the main LPS receptor MD2/TLR4 (a complex of myeloid differentiation factor 2 and toll-like receptor 4) and therefore determines inflammation and toxicity [3].”
From The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration (2019) · cites this paper as [3]
LPS toxicity varies depending on lipid A composition, and this depends on bacterial species, strain and environmental conditions.
“LPS toxicity varies depending on lipid A composition, and this depends on bacterial species, strain and environmental conditions [3–5].”
From The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration (2019) · cites this paper as [3]

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Virulence and stress-related periplasmic protein (VisP) in bacterial/host associations
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Authors: Needham, B. D., & Trent, M. S.
Affiliations: The University of Texas at Austin (US)
Corresponding author: Trent, M. Stephen
ORCID: Needham, Brittany D.
Trent, M. Stephen
Venue: Nature Reviews Microbiology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2013-06-10
Volume: 11
Issue: 7
Pages: 467-481
ISSN: 1740-1526 (ISSN-L)
1740-1534
DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3047
PMC: PMC6913092
OpenAlex: W2051101891
Cited by: 565
References: 154
Citations by year: 2026: 48 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 3.46
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature Reviews Microbiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI064184, R01AI064184, R56AI076322, AI76322, R01AI076322)
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Escherichia coli research studies
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
Keywords: lipid A, lipopolysaccharide, lipid A modification, Gram-negative bacteria, bacterial pathogenesis, immune evasion, host immune recognition, bacterial outer membrane
MeSH terms: Animals, Bacterial Proteins, Gram-Negative Bacteria, Humans, Lipid A, Virulence, Signal Transduction, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections, Host-Pathogen Interactions

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Fortifying the barrier: the impact of lipid A remodelling on bacterial pathogenesis

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