Cited by 659Memory Processes and InfluencesMemory and Neural MechanismsChild and Animal Learning Development

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Can animals recall the past and plan for the future?

Clayton, Nicola S., Bussey, Timothy J., Dickinson, Anthony·2003·Nature Reviews Neuroscience

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Abstract

According to the 'mental time travel hypothesis' animals, unlike humans, cannot mentally travel backwards in time to recollect specific past events (episodic memory) or forwards to anticipate future needs (future planning). Until recently, there was little evidence in animals for either ability. Experiments on memory in food-caching birds, however, question this assumption by showing that western scrub-jays form integrated, flexible, trial-unique memories of what they hid, where and when. Moreover, these birds can adjust their caching behaviour in anticipation of future needs. We suggest that some animals have elements of both episodic-like memory and future planning.

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Authors: Clayton, N. S., Bussey, T. J., & Dickinson, A.
Affiliations: University of Cambridge (GB)
Corresponding author: Clayton, Nicola S.
ORCID: Clayton, Nicola S.
Bussey, Timothy J.
Dickinson, Anthony
Venue: Nature Reviews Neuroscience
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2003-08
Volume: 4
Issue: 8
Pages: 685-691
ISSN: 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
1471-0048
DOI: 10.1038/nrn1180
OpenAlex: W2132039854
Cited by: 658
References: 65
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 25
FWCI: 2.26
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
Medical Research Council
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Keywords: mental time travel, episodic memory, episodic-like memory, future planning, food caching, scrub jay, animal cognition, memory flexibility
MeSH terms: Animals, Animal Population Groups, Forecasting, Planning Techniques, Mental Recall

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Can animals recall the past and plan for the future?

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