CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,037Lipid Membrane Structure and BehaviorCellular transport and secretionCaveolin-1 and cellular processes

Mechanics of membrane fusion

Open access
Chernomordik, Leonid V, Kozlov, Michael M·2008·Nature Structural & Molecular Biology
DOI 10.1038/nsmb.1455PMC PMC2548310
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Diverse membrane fusion reactions in biology involve close contact between two lipid bilayers, followed by the local distortion of the individual bilayers and reformation into a single, merged membrane. We consider the structures and energies of the fusion intermediates identified in experimental and theoretical work on protein-free lipid bilayers. On the basis of this analysis, we then discuss the conserved fusion-through-hemifusion pathway of merger between biological membranes and propose that the entire progression, from the close juxtaposition of membrane bilayers to the expansion of a fusion pore, is controlled by protein-generated membrane stresses.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/nsmb.1455

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Fusogenic proteins mediate membrane fusion by pulling the membranes into contact to overcome the high energy barrier imposed by hydration repulsion.

    “It is often considered in the presence of fusogenic proteins, which mediate the fusion by pulling the membranes into contact to overcome the high energy barrier imposed by hydration repulsion [4][5][6][7] .”

    From Fusion of lipid membranes: an alternative pathway (2026) · cites this paper as [5]

    In “Mechanisms of protein-mediated fusion” (page not provided), the paper says fusion proteins can bend membranes into dimples that bring the bilayers into close contact and lower barriers to fusion. “Conditions of lipid bilayer fusion” also says close contact can be promoted by dehydration. The copy does not identify hydration repulsion as the high-energy barrier that the proteins overcome, and describes membrane bending rather than simply pulling the membranes together. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Lipid headgroups forming membrane surfaces are highly hydrophilic and hydrated, imposing a high energy barrier for two membranes to fuse due to hydration repulsion.

    “The lipidic headgroups forming the membranes' surface are highly hydrophilic and hydrated, imposing a high energy barrier for two membranes to fuse due to hydration repulsion [4][5][6][7] .”

    From Fusion of lipid membranes: an alternative pathway (2026) · cites this paper as [5]

    In “Conditions of lipid bilayer fusion” (page unavailable), the paper says dehydration can bring bilayers close enough to promote fusion. In “Analysis of fusogenic conditions” (page unavailable), it describes a large energy cost from intermembrane repulsion at close contact. Our copy does not specifically identify highly hydrophilic, hydrated lipid headgroups or attribute that repulsion to hydration. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Complete fusion proceeds by formation and expansion of a fusion pore within the hemifusion diaphragm, yielding a fully fused membrane.

    “Complete fusion then proceeds by formation and expansion of a fusion pore within this diaphragm, yielding a fully fused membrane 5,7 , as illustrated in Fig. 1A.”

    From Fusion of lipid membranes: an alternative pathway (2026) · cites this paper as [5]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

No references could be resolved yet.

Research works printed but not linked: 116

  1. [1]Duelli D Lazebnik Y Cell-to-cell fusion as a link between viruses and cancer Nat Rev Cancer 7 968 976 2007 18034186
  2. [2]Sapir A Avinoam O Podbilewicz B Chernomordik LV Viral and developmental cell fusion mechanisms: conservation and divergence Dev Cell 14 11 21 2008 18194649 PMC3549671
  3. [3]Chen EH Grote E Mohler W Vignery A Cell-cell fusion FEBS Lett 581 2181 2193 2007 17395182
  4. [4]Kielian M Rey FA Virus membrane-fusion proteins: more than one way to make a hairpin Nat Rev Microbiol 4 67 76 2006 16357862 PMC7097298
  5. [5]Weissenhorn W Hinz A Gaudin Y Virus membrane fusion FEBS Lett 581 2150 2155 2007 17320081 PMC7094569
  6. [6]Earp LJ Delos SE Park HE White JM The many mechanisms of viral membrane fusion proteins Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 285 25 66 2005 15609500 PMC7122167
  7. [7]Jahn R Scheller RH SNAREs–engines for membrane fusion Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 7 631 643 2006 16912714
  8. [8]Hoppins S Lackner L Nunnari J The machines that divide and fuse mitochondria Annu Rev Biochem 76 751 780 2007 17362197
  9. [9]McNeil PL Steinhardt RA Plasma membrane disruption: repair, prevention, adaptation Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 19 697 731 2003 14570587
  10. [10]Martens S McMahon HT Disparate and common players in cellular membrane fusion events Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol advance online publication 10.1038/nrm2417 21 May 2008 18496517 · DOI
  11. [11]Wickner W Schekman R Membrane fusion Nat Struct Mol Biol 15 658 664 2008 18618939 PMC2488960
  12. [12]Rizo J Rosenmund C Synaptic vesicle fusion Nat Struct Mol Biol 15 665 674 2008 18618940 PMC2519048
  13. [13]Harrison SC Viral membrane fusion Nat Struct Mol Biol 15 690 698 2008 18596815 PMC2517140
  14. [14]Chernomordik LV Kozlov MM Protein-lipid interplay in fusion and fission of biological membranes Annu Rev Biochem 72 175 207 2003 14527322
  15. [15]Lentz BR Malinin V Haque ME Evans K Protein machines and lipid assemblies: current views of cell membrane fusion Curr Opin Struct Biol 10 607 615 2000 11042461
  16. [16]Jackson MB Chapman ER The fusion pores of Ca2+-triggered exocytosis Nat Struct Mol Biol 15 684 689 2008 18596819 PMC2914174
  17. [17]Chernomordik LV Melikyan GB Chizmadzhev YA Biomembrane fusion: a new concept derived from model studies using two interacting planar lipid bilayers Biochim Biophys Acta 906 309 352 1987 3307918
  18. [18]Chanturiya A Chernomordik LV Zimmerberg J Flickering fusion pores comparable with initial exocytotic pores occur in protein-free phospholipid bilayers Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 14423 14428 1997 9405628 PMC25008
  19. [19]Yang L Huang HW A rhombohedral phase of lipid containing a membrane fusion intermediate structure Biophys J 84 1808 1817 2003 12609882 PMC1302749
  20. [20]Malinin VS Frederik P Lentz BR Osmotic and curvature stress affect PEG-induced fusion of lipid vesicles but not mixing of their lipids Biophys J 82 2090 2100 2002 11916865 PMC1302003
  21. [21]Cohen FS Zimmerberg J Finkelstein A Fusion of phospholipid vesicles with planar phospholipid bilayer membranes. II Incorporation of a vesicular membrane marker into the planar membrane J Gen Physiol 75 251 270 1980 6247418 PMC2215255
  22. [23]Kozlov MM Leikin SL Chernomordik LV Markin VS Chizmadzhev YA Stalk mechanism of vesicle fusion. Intermixing of aqueous contents Eur Biophys J 17 121 129 1989 2792021
  23. [24]Kozlov MM Markin VS Possible mechanism of membrane fusion Biophysics 28 255 261 1983 The work was the first to propose the stalk intermediate of membrane fusion and presents calculations of the stalk energy as a function of the spontaneous curvature of the membrane monolayers 6849992
  24. [25]Kozlovsky Y Chernomordik L Kozlov MM Lipid intermediates in membrane fusion: formation, structure, and decay of hemifusion diaphragm Biophys J 83 2634 2651 2002 12414697 PMC1302349
  25. [26]Kozlovsky Y Efrat A Siegel DP Kozlov MM Stalk phase formation: effects of dehydration and saddle splay modulus Biophys J 87 2508 2521 2004 15454446 PMC1304670
  26. [27]Kozlovsky Y Kozlov MM Stalk model of membrane fusion: solution of energy crisis Biophys J 82 882 895 2002 Energy of fusion stalk is computed using the tilt-splay model for membrane mechanics. The analysis predicts a biologically feasible energy barrier of stalk formation 11806930 PMC1301897
  27. [28]Markin V Albanesi J Membrane fusion: stalk model revisited Biophys J 82 693 712 2002 11806912 PMC1301879
  28. [29]Kuzmin PI Zimmerberg J Chizmadzhev YA Cohen FS A quantitative model for membrane fusion based on low-energy intermediates Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 7235 7240 2001 11404463 PMC34652
  29. [30]Siegel DP Energetics of intermediates in membrane fusion: comparison of stalk and inverted micellar intermediate mechanisms Biophys J 65 2124 2140 1993 8298039 PMC1225947
  30. [31]May S Structure and energy of fusion stalks: The role of membrane edges Biophys J 83 2969 2980 2002 12496070 PMC1302378
  31. [32]Katsov K Muller M Schick M Field theoretic study of bilayer membrane fusion. I Hemifusion mechanism Biophys J 87 3277 3290 2004 15326031 PMC1304796
  32. [33]Katsov K Muller M Schick M Field theoretic study of bilayer membrane fusion: II Mechanism of a stalk-hole complex Biophys J 90 915 926 2006 16272437 PMC1367116
  33. [34]Marrink SJ Mark AE The Mechanism of Vesicle Fusion as Revealed by Molecular Dynamics Simulations J Am Chem Soc 125 11144 11145 2003 16220905
  34. [35]Marrink SJ Tieleman DP Molecular dynamics simulation of spontaneous membrane fusion during a cubic-hexagonal phase transition Biophys J 83 2386 2392 2002 12414675 PMC1302327
  35. [36]Knecht V Marrink SJ Molecular dynamics simulations of lipid vesicle fusion in atomic detail Biophys J 92 4254 4261 2007 The work presents the molecular dynamic simulation of membrane fusion in atomic detail, largely confirms the fusion pathway through a hemifusion diaphragm and provides a computational basis for more detailed investigation of the fusion intermediates 17384060 PMC1877782
  36. [37]Muller M Katsov K Schick M A new mechanism of model membrane fusion determined from Monte Carlo simulation Biophys J 85 1611 1623 2003 12944277 PMC1303336
  37. [38]Noguchi H Takasu M Self-assembly of amphiphiles into vesicles: A Brownian dynamics simulation Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 64 041913 2001 11690058
  38. [40]Grafmuller A Shillcock J Lipowsky R Pathway of membrane fusion with two tension-dependent energy barriers Phys Rev Lett 98 218101 2007 17677811
  39. [41]Shillcock JC Lipowsky R Tension-induced fusion of bilayer membranes and vesicles Nat Mater 4 225 228 2005 15711550
  40. [42]Efrat A Chernomordik LV Kozlov MM Point-like protrusion as a prestalk intermediate in membrane fusion pathway Biophys J 92 L61 L63 2007 17277178 PMC1831690
  41. [45]May S Kozlovsky Y Ben-Shaul A Kozlov MM Tilt modulus of a lipid monolayer Eur Phys J E 14 299 308 2004 15338441
  42. [46]Siegel DP Kozlov MM The gaussian curvature elastic modulus of N-monomethylated dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine: relevance to membrane fusion and lipid phase behavior Biophys J 87 366 374 2004 15240471 PMC1304357
  43. [47]Lee JY Schick M Dependence of the energies of fusion on the intermembrane separation: optimal and constrained J Chem Phys 127 075102 2007 17718633
  44. [48]Lee JY Schick M Field theoretic study of bilayer membrane fusion III: membranes with leaves of different composition Biophys J 92 3938 3948 2007 17351002 PMC1868991
  45. [49]Lee JY Schick M Calculation of free energy barriers to the fusion of small vesicles Biophys J 94 1699 1706 2008 18024495 PMC2242767
  46. [51]Lindahl E Edholm O Mesoscopic undulations and thickness fluctuations in lipid bilayers from molecular dynamics simulations Biophys J 79 426 433 2000 10866968 PMC1300946
  47. [52]Yang L Huang HW Observation of a membrane fusion intermediate structure Science 297 1877 1879 2002 12228719
  48. [53]Cornell BA Fletcher GC Middlehurst J Separovic F The lower limit to the size of small sonicated phospholipid vesicles Biochim Biophys Acta 690 15 19 1982 7126566
  49. [54]Kasson PM Pande VS Control of membrane fusion mechanism by lipid composition: predictions from ensemble molecular dynamics PLoS Comput Biol 3 e220 2007 18020701 PMC2077900
  50. [56]Kozlov MM Chernomordik LV A mechanism of protein-mediated fusion: coupling between refolding of the influenza hemagglutinin and lipid rearrangements Biophys J 75 1384 1396 1998 9726939 PMC1299812
  51. [57]Martens S Kozlov MM McMahon HT How synaptotagmin promotes membrane fusion Science 316 1205 1208 2007 The work demonstrates the ability of synaptotagmin C2 to bend membranes into 17-nm-diameter tubes with fusogenic end caps and suggests a new model of protein mediated membrane fusion based on calcium-dependent insertion of the synaptotagmin C2 domain into the membrane matrix 17478680
  52. [58]Hed G Safran SA Initiation and dynamics of hemifusion in lipid bilayers Biophys J 85 381 389 2003 12829492 PMC1303093
  53. [59]Chernomordik L Non-bilayer lipids and biological fusion intermediates Chem Phys Lipids 81 203 213 1996 8810049
  54. [60]Blood PD Voth GA Direct observation of Bin/amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain-induced membrane curvature by means of molecular dynamics simulations Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103 15068 15072 2006 17008407 PMC1622778
  55. [61]Ayton GS Blood PD Voth GA Membrane remodeling from N-BAR domain interactions: insights from multi-scale simulation Biophys J 92 3595 3602 2007 17325001 PMC1853153
  56. [62]Campelo F McMahon HT Kozlov MM The hydrophobic insertion mechanism of membrane curvature generation by proteins Biophys J in the press 2008 PMC2517036 18515373
  57. [63]Chernomordik LV Zimmerberg J Kozlov MM Membranes of the world unite! J Cell Biol 175 201 207 2006 17043140 PMC2064561
  58. [64]Chernomordik LV Frolov VA Leikina E Bronk P Zimmerberg J The pathway of membrane fusion catalyzed by influenza hemagglutinin: restriction of lipids, hemi-fusion, and lipidic fusion pore formation J Cell Biol 140 1369 1382 1998 The first work (i) describing hemifusion mediated by wild-type protein fusogen, (ii) identifying restricted hemifusion intermediates and (iii) reporting the dependence of fusion pore formation on the lipid composition of the distal membrane leaflets 9508770 PMC2132678
  59. [65]Zimmerberg J Blumenthal R Sarkar DP Curran M Morris SJ Restricted movement of lipid and aqueous dyes through pores formed by influenza hemagglutinin during cell fusion J Cell Biol 127 1885 1894 1994 7806567 PMC2120276
  60. [66]Leikina E Chernomordik LV Reversible merger of membranes at the early stage of influenza hemagglutinin-mediated fusion Mol Biol Cell 11 2359 2371 2000 10888674 PMC14925
  61. [67]Markosyan RM Bates P Cohen FS Melikyan GB A study of low pH-induced refolding of Env of avian sarcoma and leukosis virus into a six-helix bundle Biophys J 87 3291 3298 2004 15339808 PMC1304797
  62. [68]Zaitseva E Mittal A Griffin DE Chernomordik LV Class II fusion protein of alphaviruses drives membrane fusion through the same pathway as class I proteins J Cell Biol 169 167 177 2005 15809312 PMC2171914
  63. [69]Yoon TY Okumus B Zhang F Shin YK Ha T Multiple intermediates in SNARE-induced membrane fusion Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103 19731 19736 2006 By imaging real-time dynamics of single fusion events between the SNARE-carrying liposomes, this work identifies fusion intermediates with distinct extents of lipid mixing and characterizes the dwell times of docked and hemifused states and the lifetime of early fusion pores 17167056 PMC1698870
  64. [70]Melikyan GB Niles WD Cohen FS Influenza virus hemagglutinin-induced cell-planar bilayer fusion: quantitative dissection of fusion pore kinetics into stages J Gen Physiol 102 1151 1170 1993 8133243 PMC2229187
  65. [71]Mittal A Leikina E Chernomordik LV Bentz J Kinetically differentiating influenza hemagglutinin fusion and hemifusion machines Biophys J 85 1713 1724 2003 12944286 PMC1303345
  66. [72]Giraudo CG SNAREs can promote complete fusion and hemifusion as alternative outcomes J Cell Biol 170 249 260 2005 16027221 PMC2171417
  67. [73]Jahn R Lang T Sudhof TC Membrane fusion Cell 112 519 533 2003 12600315
  68. [74]Zimmerberg J Chernomordik LV Neuroscience. Synaptic membranes bend to the will of a neurotoxin Science 310 1626 1627 2005 16339436
  69. [75]Zampighi GA Conical electron tomography of a chemical synapse: vesicles docked to the active zone are hemi-fused Biophys J 91 2910 2918 2006 16877508 PMC1578491
  70. [76]Wong JL Koppel DE Cowan AE Wessel GM Membrane hemifusion is a stable intermediate of exocytosis Dev Cell 12 653 659 2007 17420001 PMC1989768
  71. [77]Schaub JR Lu X Doneske B Shin YK McNew JA Hemifusion arrest by complexin is relieved by Ca2+-synaptotagmin I Nat Struct Mol Biol 13 748 750 2006 16845390
  72. [78]Razinkov VI Melikyan GB Epand RM Epand RF Cohen FS Effects of spontaneous bilayer curvature on influenza virus-mediated fusion pores J Gen Physiol 112 409 422 1998 9758860 PMC2229431
  73. [79]Chernomordik LV Leikina E Frolov V Bronk P Zimmerberg J An early stage of membrane fusion mediated by the low pH conformation of influenza hemagglutinin depends upon membrane lipids J Cell Biol 136 81 94 1997 9008705 PMC2132452
  74. [80]Chernomordik LV Lysolipids reversibly inhibit Ca2+-, GTP- and pH-dependent fusion of biological membranes FEBS Lett 318 71 76 1993 This paper demonstrates that lipids known to inhibit hemifusion stage of fusion between protein-free bilayers also inhibit disparate biological fusion reactions, suggesting that these reactions proceed through a common hemifusion intermediate 8436229
  75. [81]Melikyan GB Barnard RJ Abrahamyan LG Mothes W Young JA Imaging individual retroviral fusion events: from hemifusion to pore formation and growth Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 8728 8733 2005 Different stages of virus–cell fusion mediated by avian sarcoma and leukosis virus envelope glycoproteins were dissected by imaging single virions. The findings suggest that fusion involves a direct transition from hemifusion into a small and then growing pore within a small virus–cell contact zone 15937118 PMC1150829
  76. [82]Markosyan RM Cohen FS Melikyan GB Time-resolved imaging of HIV-1 Envmediated lipid and content mixing between a single virion and cell membrane Mol Biol Cell 16 5502 5513 2005 16195349 PMC1289397
  77. [83]Liu T Wang T Chapman ER Weisshaar JC Productive hemifusion intermediates in fast vesicle fusion driven by neuronal SNAREs Biophys J 94 1303 1314 2008 17951297 PMC2212705
  78. [84]Frolov VA Dunina-Barkovskaya AY Samsonov AV Zimmerberg J Membrane permeability changes at early stages of influenza hemagglutinin-mediated fusion Biophys J 85 1725 1733 2003 12944287 PMC1303346
  79. [85]Lindau M Almers W Structure and function of fusion pores in exocytosis and ectoplasmic membrane fusion Curr Opin Cell Biol 7 509 517 1995 7495570
  80. [86]Jackson MB Chapman ER Fusion pores and fusion machines in Ca2+-triggered exocytosis Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct 35 135 160 2006 16689631
  81. [87]Jackson MB In search of the fusion pore of exocytosis Biophys Chem 126 201 208 2007 16797829 PMC2583116
  82. [88]Kemble GW Danieli T White JM Lipid-anchored influenza hemagglutinin promotes hemifusion, not complete fusion Cell 76 383 391 1994 Replacing transmembrane domain of influenza hemagglutinin with a lipid anchor yielded the first direct demonstration that protein fusogens can induce hemifusion and emphasized the functional importance of transmembrane domain of the fusogen 8293471
  83. [89]Cleverley DZ Lenard J The transmembrane domain in viral fusion: essential role for a conserved glycine residue in vesicular stomatitis virus G protein Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 3425 3430 1998 9520382 PMC19852
  84. [90]Grote E Baba M Ohsumi Y Novick PJ Geranylgeranylated SNAREs are dominant inhibitors of membrane fusion J Cell Biol 151 453 466 2000 11038190 PMC2192637
  85. [91]Xu Y Zhang F Su Z McNew JA Shin YK Hemifusion in SNARE-mediated membrane fusion Nat Struct Mol Biol 12 417 422 2005 This study on fusion between SNARE-proteoliposomes was the first direct demonstration that intracellular fusogens can mediate hemifusion 15821745
  86. [92]Langosch D Hofmann M Ungermann C The role of transmembrane domains in membrane fusion Cell Mol Life Sci 64 850 864 2007 17429580 PMC11136198
  87. [93]Melikyan GB Lin S Roth MG Cohen FS Amino acid sequence requirements of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of influenza virus hemagglutinin for viable membrane fusion Mol Biol Cell 10 1821 1836 1999 10359599 PMC25377
  88. [94]Frolov V Cho MS Bronk P Reese T Zimmerberg J Multiple local contact sites are induced by GPI-linked influenza hemagglutinin during hemifusion and flickering pore formation Traffic 1 622 630 2000 11208150
  89. [95]Markosyan RM Cohen FS Melikyan GB The lipid-anchored ectodomain of influenza virus hemagglutinin (GPI-HA) is capable of inducing nonenlarging fusion pores Mol Biol Cell 11 1143 1152 2000 10749920 PMC14837
  90. [96]McNew JA Close is not enough: SNARE-dependent membrane fusion requires an active mechanism that transduces force to membrane anchors J Cell Biol 150 105 117 2000 10893260 PMC2185554
  91. [97]Jun Y Xu H Thorngren N Wickner W Sec18p and Vam7p remodel trans-SNARE complexes to permit a lipid-anchored R-SNARE to support yeast vacuole fusion EMBO J 26 4935 4945 2007 18007597 PMC2140102
  92. [98]Jun Y Wickner W Assays of vacuole fusion resolve the stages of docking, lipid mixing, and content mixing Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104 13010 13015 2007 17664431 PMC1941832
  93. [99]Gaudin Y Rabies virus-induced membrane fusion pathway J Cell Biol 150 601 612 2000 10931871 PMC2175203
  94. [100]Vogel SS Leikina EA Chernomordik LV Lysophosphatidylcholine reversibly arrests exocytosis and viral fusion at a stage between triggering and membrane merger J Biol Chem 268 25764 25768 1993 8245012
  95. [101]Reese C Heise F Mayer A Trans-SNARE pairing can precede a hemifusion intermediate in intracellular membrane fusion Nature 436 410 414 2005 15924133
  96. [102]Amatore C Regulation of exocytosis in chromaffin cells by trans-insertion of lysophosphatidylcholine and arachidonic acid into the outer leaflet of the cell membrane ChemBioChem 7 1998 2003 2006 17086558
  97. [103]Churchward MA Specific lipids supply critical negative spontaneous curvature–an essential component of native Ca2+-triggered membrane fusion Biophys J 94 3976 3986 2008 18227127 PMC2367177
  98. [104]Ramos C Rafikova ER Melikov K Chernomordik LV Transmembrane proteins are not required for early stages of nuclear envelope assembly Biochem J 400 393 400 2006 16953799 PMC1698605
  99. [105]Podbilewicz B The C. elegans developmental fusogen EFF-1 mediates homotypic fusion in heterologous cells and in vivo Dev Cell 11 471 481 2006 17011487
  100. [106]Kobayashi T Separation and characterization of late endosomal membrane domains J Biol Chem 277 32157 32164 2002 12065580
  101. [107]Byrne RD PLCγ is enriched on poly-phosphoinositide-rich vesicles to control nuclear envelope assembly Cell Signal 19 913 922 2006 17184973
  102. [108]Rigoni M Equivalent effects of snake PLA2 neurotoxins and lysophospholipid-fatty acid mixtures Science 310 1678 1680 2005 16339444
  103. [109]Blumenthal R Clague MJ Durell SR Epand RM Membrane fusion Chem Rev 103 53 69 2003 12517181
  104. [110]Lai AL Park H White JM Tamm LK Fusion peptide of influenza hemagglutinin requires a fixed angle boomerang structure for activity J Biol Chem 281 5760 5770 2006 16407195
  105. [111]Shmulevitz M Duncan R A new class of fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) proteins encoded by the non-enveloped fusogenic reoviruses EMBO J 19 902 912 2000 10698932 PMC305630
  106. [112]Roche S Bressanelli S Rey FA Gaudin Y Crystal structure of the low-pH form of the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G Science 313 187 191 2006 This high resolution x-ray study, along with an earlier work of this group, characterizes a new class of viral fusion proteins (class III) that uses a bipartite fusion domain consisting of two short, noncontiguous hydrophobic loops 16840692
  107. [113]Antonny B Membrane deformation by protein coats Curr Opin Cell Biol 18 386 394 2006 16782321
  108. [114]McMahon HT Gallop JL Membrane curvature and mechanisms of dynamic cell membrane remodelling Nature 438 590 596 2005 16319878
  109. [115]Chapman ER Davis AF Direct interaction of a Ca2+-binding loop of synaptotagmin with lipid bilayers J Biol Chem 273 13995 14001 1998 9593749
  110. [116]Ford MG Curvature of clathrin-coated pits driven by epsin Nature 419 361 366 2002 12353027
  111. [117]Cohen FS Melikyan GB The energetics of membrane fusion from binding, through hemifusion, pore formation, and pore enlargement J Membr Biol 199 1 14 2004 15366419
  112. [118]Zimmerberg J Akimov SA Frolov V Synaptotagmin: fusogenic role for calcium sensor? Nat Struct Mol Biol 13 301 303 2006 16715046
  113. [119]Kozlov MM Chernomordik LV The protein coat in membrane fusion: lessons from fission Traffic 3 256 267 2002 11929607
  114. [120]Leikina E Influenza hemagglutinins outside of the contact zone are necessary for fusion pore expansion J Biol Chem 279 26526 26532 2004 15078874
  115. [121]Yang X Kurteva S Ren X Lee S Sodroski J Stoichiometry of envelope glycoprotein trimers in the entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 J Virol 79 12132 12147 2005 16160141 PMC1211524
  116. [122]Knecht V Grubmuller H Mechanical coupling via the membrane fusion SNARE protein syntaxin 1A: a molecular dynamics study Biophys J 84 1527 1547 2003 12609859 PMC1302726

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Chernomordik, L. V., & Kozlov, M. M.
Affiliations
  • National Institutes of Health (US)
  • Tel Aviv University (IL)
Corresponding author
  • Chernomordik, Leonid V
  • Kozlov, Michael M
ORCID
Venue
Nature Structural & Molecular Biology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2008-07
Volume
15
Issue
7
Pages
675-683
ISSN
  • 1545-9985 (ISSN-L)
  • 1545-9993
DOI
10.1038/nsmb.1455
PMC
PMC2548310
OpenAlex
W2118978641
Cited by
1,037
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 70 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 61 · 2013: 64 · 2012: 57
FWCI
4.42
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nature Structural & Molecular Biology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (Z01HD001501)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Lipid Membrane Structure and Behavior
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular transport and secretion
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Caveolin-1 and cellular processes
Keywords
membrane fusion, lipid bilayers, fusion intermediates, hemifusion, fusion pore expansion, membrane stress, membrane mechanics
MeSH terms
Animals, Kinetics, Lipid Bilayers, Membrane Fusion, Membrane Proteins, Models, Biological

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review