VEGF-B prevents excessive angiogenesis by inhibiting FGF2/FGFR1 pathway
Open accessAbstract
Although VEGF-B was discovered as a VEGF-A homolog a long time ago, the angiogenic effect of VEGF-B remains poorly understood with limited and diverse findings from different groups. Notwithstanding, drugs that inhibit VEGF-B together with other VEGF family members are being used to treat patients with various neovascular diseases. It is therefore critical to have a better understanding of the angiogenic effect of VEGF-B and the underlying mechanisms. Using comprehensive in vitro and in vivo methods and models, we reveal here for the first time an unexpected and surprising function of VEGF-B as an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis by inhibiting the FGF2/FGFR1 pathway when the latter is abundantly expressed. Mechanistically, we unveil that VEGF-B binds to FGFR1, induces FGFR1/VEGFR1 complex formation, and suppresses FGF2-induced Erk activation, and inhibits FGF2-driven angiogenesis and tumor growth. Our work uncovers a previously unrecognized novel function of VEGF-B in tethering the FGF2/FGFR1 pathway. Given the anti-angiogenic nature of VEGF-B under conditions of high FGF2/FGFR1 levels, caution is warranted when modulating VEGF-B activity to treat neovascular diseases.
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“This, in turn, effectively inhibited FGF2-induced Erk activation and FGF2-driven angiogenesis [51].”
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“At high FGF2/FGFR1 expression levels, VEGF-B may have an anti-angiogenic effect through the inhibition of FGF and FGFR, but this mechanism is poorly understood [92].”
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“Besides this, VEGF-B acts as an antagonist of VEGF-A in the regulation of angiogenesis, making it an important target for the development of anticancer drugs [66–68].”
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“Targeting VEGF isoforms such as VEGF-B , which can both suppress and facilitate angiogenesis depending on the physiological environment, represents a nuanced approach to anti-angiogenic therapy [36].”
BackgroundEmerging role of SENP1 in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy
Lin, M., Zhang, M., Yi, B., Chen, J., Wen, S., Chen, R., Chen, T., & Zhao, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1354323 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationHaffez, H., Elsayed, N. A., Ahmed, M. F. E., Fatahala, S. S., Khaleel, E. F., Badi, R. M., Elkaeed, E. B., Hassab, M. A. E., Hammad, S., Eldehna, W. M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1080/14756366.2023.2278022 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kim, J., Gilbert, J. L., Lu, W. W., Du, P., & Pan, H. (2024) · Bioactive Materials · doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.11.020 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“FGF2 and PDGFR α are both critical for angiogenesis, bone healing and remodeling [32 – 36]; RUNX2 is a master transcription factor essential for osteogenesis [37], and so it is interesting that these genes are only up-regulated by Mg corrosion.”
Self-citationEndothelial Pim3 kinase protects the vascular barrier during lung metastasis
Santio, N. M., Ganesh, K., Kaipainen, P. P., Halme, A., Seyednasrollah, F., Arbash, E., Hänninen, S., Kivelä, R., Carpen, O., & Saharinen, P. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-54445-1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Xu, Y., Peng, Y., Wu, X., Ni, F., Sun, D., Zhang, P., Yang, Y., Yan, M., Mi, J., & Geng, T. (2024) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202300987rr · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“11 However, other studies have shown that VEGF-B inhibits angiogenesis in tumors, 12,13 and VEGF-B gain- of-function in transgenic mice did not induce angiogenesis or lymph-angiogenesis.”
Self-citationKokkotou, E., Grapsa, D., Papadopoulou, A., Gaitanakis, S., Bakakos, P., Poulakou, G., Moutsatsou, P., & Syrigos, K. (2025) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers17030421 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“As reported by Lee et al. [48], VEGF-B can be pro-or anti-angiogenic depending on additional factors, such as the expression status and levels of the fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR-1), two potent angiogenic molecules with the ability to act as a…”
Spatiotemporal disarray of inflammatory microenvironment following spinal cord injury
Di, J., Lu, Y., Yao, S., Zhang, H., Tian, Z., Xiao, L., Shang, Z., He, L., Pang, M., Yang, Y., et al. (2025) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-25-00822 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Additionally, it can stimulate cell cycle re-entry and ECM remodeling via the ERK1/2 pathway (Lee et al., 2023).”
Self-citationGhasemi, I., Gogiraju, R., Khraisat, S., Pagel, S., Graf, C., Brandt, M., Madhusudhan, T., Wenzel, P., Luxán, G., Lurz, P. C., et al. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14120927 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“For example, VEGF-B binds and signals via FGF type 1 receptors (FGFR1) [34], and a large number of studies has documented VEGF activities on both fibroblasts (over 9500 citations in PubMed, as of May 2025) and pericytes [35].”
Zhang, G., Tu, J., Zhang, Y., He, J., Peng, G., Fan, Q., Zhang, Y., Zhang, M., Tan, H., Xu, Y., et al. (2025) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102620 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“7 The impact of VEGF-B mRNA on other immune and non-immune cells within the TME requires further exploration to fully understand its broader modulatory effects.”
Self-citationDu, Y., Xu, K., Zhang, S., Chen, M., Liu, Z., & Xie, L. (2025) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes16070821 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…associated with progression, including angiogenesis, proliferation, survival, immune evasion, and inflammation, for example, VEGFA/VEGFB [54,55], FOXO3 [56], and PDGFRB [57] in lung cancer angiogenesis (Figure 7B); CCL2 [58] and CXCL12 [59] chemokines modulating CAF activity in breast…”
Current insights and barriers in FGFR-mediated signaling in lung cancer
Liu, X., Mei, W., Yao, Y., & Zeng, C. (2025) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2025.117897 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationLiposome/Exosome Hybrid Loaded with FGF2 mRNA for Diabetic Wound Healing
Wang, M., Xue, W., liu, J., Jiang, Y., Luo, J., Shi, S., Yin, X., & Li, X. (2026) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.5c25924 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationIncreased fatty acid delivery by tumor endothelium promotes metastatic outgrowth
Edwards, D. N., Wang, S., Kane, K. M., Song, W., Kim, L. C., Ngwa, V. M., Hwang, Y., Ess, K. C., Boothby, M. R., & Chen, J. (2025) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.187531 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“In contrast with VEGF-A, VEGF-B does not appear to markedly impact angiogenesis (12–14), but a recent study demonstrated that it supports spontaneous metastatic colonization in the lung (11).”
Self-citationZhou, C., Sun, J., Wu, L., Liu, C., Cheng, Q., Xie, S., & Zhang, J. (2024) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137988 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationProteome-wide mendelian randomization identifies causal plasma proteins in interstitial lung disease
Yu, K., Li, W., Long, W., Li, Y., Li, Y., Liao, H., & Liu, J. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-85338-y · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationAdamts1 Exacerbates Post‐Myocardial Infarction Scar Formation via Mechanosensing of Integrin α8
Kong, C., Guo, Z., Ma, Y., Wang, M., Ni, H., Wang, P., Qiu, W., Wang, E., Li, Z., Zheng, Y., et al. (2025) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202504138 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Arteriolar angiogenesis: implications in anti-angiogenic immunotherapy for pancreatic cancers
Beck, A. W., Chen, H., & Ren, B. (2025) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.10.002 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
VEGF-B: A multifaceted modulator with emerging therapeutic applications
Lee, C., Kim, M.-J., Jung, E. Y., Zhang, J., Kameshwar, V. H., Oh, N., Kumar, A., Lee, H., Li, X., & Kim, Y. (2025) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2025.108064 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, L., Ma, S., Su, H., Nie, D., & Wang, L. (2025) · Discover Oncology · doi:10.1007/s12672-024-01723-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Garofano, K., Mariani, V., Rashid, K., Suwunnakorn, S., Sidahmed, A., Horvath, A., Maggirwar, S. B., O’Brien, T. J., Perera, M. A., Whalen, M. J., et al. (2025) · Platelets · doi:10.1080/09537104.2024.2449344 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Luminescent sensing of conformational integrin activation in living cells
Villari, G., Gioelli, N., Gino, M., Zhang, H., Hodge, K., Cordero, F., Zanivan, S., Zhu, J., & Serini, G. (2025) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115319 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“60 It has been proposed that, through VEGFR-1, VEGF-B may inhibit angiogenesis by counteracting FGFR-1 signaling, 66 which our screening indeed identified as an activator of b 1 integrin in ECs, consistent with previous reports.”
Self-citationSingle-cell RNA sequencing reveals the role of GTF2F2 in ovarian cancer oncogenesis and progression
Du, H., Si, G., Si, J., Song, X., & Si, F. (2025) · Journal of Ovarian Research · doi:10.1186/s13048-025-01686-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“VEGFB binding to FLT1 can remodel tumor vasculature by increasing vascular permeability and recruiting pro-tumorigenic macrophages, thereby promoting neovascularization and facilitating immune evasion [30, 31].”
Tang, X., Xue, J., Zhang, J., & Zhou, J. (2024) · Journal of Hepatocellular Carcinoma · doi:10.2147/jhc.s483664 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“65,66 Rossi et al emphasized the critical role of VEGFB in the initiation or progression of HCC, 67 while H et al identified overexpression of ROBO1 in HCC. 68 Our results corroborate these findings, showing increased expression levels of VEGFB and ROBO1 genes in the high-risk group.”
ResultSelf-citationAdda, S., Legendre, C., & Rangasamy, S. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.10.19.563187 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…and angiogenic pathways and upstream regulators, IL6 (p-value:2.83E-02) and ATF4 (p-value:2.75E-09), which promote angiogenesis via the regulation of VEGF 29 , OSM (p-value:4.81E-03), IFNG (p-value:2.86E-02), and FGF2 (p-value:1E-03), which causes vascular dysfunction and angiogenesis 30 .”
BackgroundBlood Derivatives in the Therapy of Ocular Surface Diseases
Stępień, P. W., Żarnowski, T., & Wróbel‐Dudzińska, D. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262211097 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In cases of high FGF2/FGFR1 expression, VEGF-B inhibits its pathway, consequently preventing excessive angiogenesis [20].”
Intermittent Hypoxia Maintains Neovascular Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity Via the HIF-1α/VEGFB Axis
Cao, M., Xu, Z., Gu, Y., Zhang, Q., Guo, M., Tian, Z., Jin, F., Shao, Q., Guo, X., Liu, J., et al. (2026) · Translational Stroke Research · doi:10.1007/s12975-026-01454-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Moreover, VEGFB does not induce BBB permeability [34] and prevents excessive angiogenesis [35].”
Self-citationJarosz, A., Nowak, T., Szyluk, K., Balcerzyk, A., Iwanicki, T., Iwanicka, J., Kalita, M., Gawron, K., Kania, W., & Niemiec, P. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252313166 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
FGFBP1 promotes triple-negative breast cancer progression through the KLK10-AKT axis
wang, Z., Hou, R., Wang, S., Chen, M., Zheng, D., Zhang, Z., Bai, L., Cai, C., & Zhou, S. (2025) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2025.151763 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationRegulation of fatty acid delivery to metastases by tumor endotheliumPreprint
Edwards, D. N., Wang, S., Song, W., Kim, L. C., Ngwa, V. M., Hwang, Y., Ess, K. C., Boothby, M. R., & Chen, J. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.04.02.587724 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In contrast to VEGF-A, VEGF-B does not appear to impact angiogenesis 13–15 , but a recent study demonstrated that it supports spontaneous metastatic colonization in the lung 12 .”
Self-citationSENP1: A perspective from immune cells to disease (Review)
Feng, X., Wu, G., & Zeng, Q. (2025) · Oncology Reports · doi:10.3892/or.2025.8947 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)2 facilitates angiogenesis through the activation of signaling pathways associated with FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) in endothelial cells (132).”
King, S., Li, Q., Tschang, I. L., Singh, E., Ramos, R. B., & Pumiglia, K. M. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-18678-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Using HUVECs infected with the proliferation reporter, 2D and 3D cultures were seeded and allowed to progress to various time points analogous to the RiboTag experiment.”
Aw, S. J., Goh, J. Y., Esguerra, J. M., Tan, T. S. E., Tan, E. E. K., & Low, S. Y. Y. (2025) · Neuroglia · doi:10.3390/neuroglia6040039 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Of interest, FGFR1 has been shown to be essential in the expression and function of vascular endothelial growth factor A ( VEGFA )—a potent player in angiogenesis [50].”
Endothelial dysfunction as a driver of microvascular injury in diabetic cardiomyopathy
Siriwattanawong, P., Justin, R., Gamachchige, P. R., Zhou, D., & Chen, T. (2025) · Vessel Plus · doi:10.20517/2574-1209.2025.75 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gheorghiu, M., Trandafir, M.-F., Savu, O., Păsărică, D., & Bleoţu, C. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14217585 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Liu, K., Tian, L., Liu, P., Chen, F., Wan, Q., Liu, J., Li, X., Chen, X., & Zhu, X. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.171442 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationTargeting stromal cells to overcome immunotherapy resistance in solid tumors
Cheng, S., Hua, Y., Liao, Q., & Liu, Q. (2026) · Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2026.105221 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Deng, W., Yang, X., Wu, H., Tang, H., Wang, X., Tu, S., Yin, K., & Zhu, X. (2026) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-026-02774-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“An outstanding question in the field is whether AIBP’s regulatory effects on MAFLD pathogenesis are partially mediated through this angiogenic function remains to be elucidated [46, 47].”
Transcriptional patterns of human retinal pigment epithelial cells under protracted high glucose
Huang, H., Zeng, J., Kuang, X., He, F., Yan, J., Li, B., Liu, W., & Shen, H. (2024) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-024-09479-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ye, H., Zhuang, C., Jin, Z., Hu, Y., He, J., Yu, Q., Hu, H., & Zheng, Y. (2025) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877251385244
“37 The pathogenesis of AD involves multiple factors, with oxidative stress recognized as one of the key drivers of disease progression.”
Rodriguez-Duboc, A., Racine, C., Basille, M., Vaudry, D., Gonzalez, B. J., & Burel, D. (2026) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-026-02006-1
“Taken together with the upregulation of Fgf2, Pgf and Tgfb1, involved in EPS and VSM, this reveals the emergence of a second phase of IH response at later stages of development (Lee et al., 2023; Luna et al., 2016; Molina et al., 2013).”
Liang, Y., Yu, L., Zhou, Q., Su, D., Wang, L., Li, C., Wang, J., Wang, H., Dong, J., Xiao, X., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-20302-4
“Among these, FGF2 has been shown to promote EndMT through the activation of the TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway, thereby contributing to endothelial plasticity and fibrotic transformation in multiple disease contexts 44–46 .”
AI-Augmented Ophthalmic Therapeutics
Wang, H. (2025) · BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS eBooks · doi:10.2174/9798898812287125010006
Age-related features of neoangiogenesis in the cerebral cortex in ischemic stroke
Vadyukhin, M. A., Tarasov, V. V., Pyatigorskaya, N. V., Paramonova, N. B., Rostovskaya, V. V., Bicherova, I. A., Shestopalov, A. M., Khayitov, A. A., Amrakhov, S. D., & Demyashkin, G. A. (2025) · Vestnik nevrologii psihiatrii i nejrohirurgii (Bulletin of Neurology Psychiatry and Neurosurgery) · doi:10.33920/med-01-2511-02
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“Recent studies indicate that VEGFB regulates angiogenesis by suppressing the FGF2/FGFR1 pathway, [17] potentially linking this mechanism to its involvement in the pathological process of diabetes.”
Synergistic Effects of Kerecis® Fish-Skin Dermal Scaffold and Stromal Vascular Fraction (mSVF)
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“55 Briefly, the aptamers were immobilized onto a Cytiva SA sensor chip (BR-1005-31) at around 370 resonance units (RU).”
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Macrophage programming in systemic sclerosis: Niches, networks, and translational horizons
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Fibroblasts as Key Regulators of Cardiovascular Homeostasis and Disease
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Bote, X. U., Qianqian, Y. U., Yisha, Q. I. A. N., & Xu, W. A. N. G. (2026) · Journal of Zhejiang University (Medical Sciences) · doi:10.3724/zdxbyxb-2026-0316
- Authors
- Lee, C., Chen, R., Sun, G., Liu, X., Lin, X., He, C., Xing, L., Liu, L., Jensen, L. D., Kumar, A., Langer, H. F., Ren, X., Zhang, J., Huang, L., Yin, X., Kim, J., Zhu, J., Huang, G., Li, J., Lu, W., Chen, W., Liu, J., Hu, J., Sun, Q., Lu, W., Fang, L., Wang, S., Kuang, H., Zhang, Y., Tian, G., Mi, J., Kang, B.-A., Narazaki, M., Prodeus, A., Schoonjans, L., Ornitz, D. M., Gariepy, J., Eelen, G., Dewerchin, M., Yang, Y., Ou, J.-S., Mora, A., Yao, J., Zhao, C., Liu, Y., Carmeliet, P., Cao, Y., & Li, X.
- Affiliations
- Sun Yat-sen University (CN)
- Nanjing Medical University (CN)
- Linköping University (SE)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (CN)
- Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University (CN)
- Binzhou Medical University (CN)
- The University of Osaka (JP)
- Sunnybrook Research Institute (CA)
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology (BE)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Khalifa University of Science and Technology (AE)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Zhao, Chen
- Cao, Yihai
- Li, Xuri
- ORCID
- Lee, Chunsik
- Chen, Rongyuan
- Sun, Guangli
- Liu, Xialin
- Lin, Xianchai
- He, Chang
- Liu, Lixian
- Jensen, Lasse D.
- Kumar, Anil
- Langer, Harald F.
- Zhang, Jianing
- Huang, Lijuan
- Kim, JongKyong
- Li, Jiani
- Chen, Wei
- Hu, Jiaxin
- Sun, Qihang
- Lu, Weisi
- Fang, Lekun
- Zhang, Yihan
- Tian, Geng
- Mi, Jia
- Kang, Bi-Ang
- Narazaki, Masashi
- Prodeus, Aaron
- Schoonjans, Luc
- Ornitz, David M.
- Eelen, Guy
- Dewerchin, Mieke
- Yang, Yunlong
- Ou, Jing-Song
- Mora, Antonio
- Yao, Jin
- Zhao, Chen
- Liu, Yizhi
- Carmeliet, Peter
- Cao, Yihai
- Li, Xuri
- Venue
- Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy
- Published
- 2023-08-18
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 305-305
- ISSN
- 2059-3635 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10435562
- OpenAlex
- W4385904643
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 4
- FWCI
- 6.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DiVA (Linkoping University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Digital Commons@Becker (Washington University School of Medicine) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation of China | National Natural Science Foundation of China-Yunnan Joint Fund (81830013, 81970823, 82150710555)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Angiogenesis and VEGF in Cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fibroblast Growth Factor Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Lymphatic System and Diseases
- Keywords
- VEGF-B, angiogenesis, FGFR1, VEGFR1, ERK activation, tumor growth, neovascular disease, angiogenesis inhibitors
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Immunotherapy, Fibroblast Growth Factor 2, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor B, Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1
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