Infiltrating macrophages replace Kupffer cells and play diverse roles in severe alcohol-associated hepatitis
Open accessAbstract
Patients with alcohol-associated cirrhosis (AC) may develop severe alcohol-associated hepatitis (sAH), a disease with high short-term mortality. Our previous studies demonstrated that sAH, but not AC livers, are infiltrated with a high number of self-sustaining IL-8 + neutrophils that likely drive the transition from AC to sAH. Monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMFs) also infiltrate the liver in sAH, but their roles remain largely obscure. In the present study, we characterized liver macrophages in human liver explants from sAH and AC patients. Our data revealed a marked reduction in Kupffer cells, whereas MoMFs were increased in sAH and AC. Single-cell RNA-Seq analyses revealed several populations in both AC and sAH, including C1Q + , S100A8 + , APOE + , TNF + and VSIG4 + macrophages, with sAH containing unique C1Q + macrophages potentially playing a role in removing apoptotic neutrophils in sAH. C1Q + macrophages also express many genes involved in phagocytosis and proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions, suggesting that C1Q + macrophages have diverse functions in sAH. The roles of C1Q , S100A8 , and APOE were further examined in experimental models of alcohol-induced liver injury. Our data revealed that C1q KO mice and macrophage-specific S100a8 KO mice presented similar alcohol-induced liver injury and hepatic neutrophil infiltration, while Apoe KO mice developed much more severe liver injury than did WT mice following chronic-plus-binge ethanol challenge. Taken together, sAH and AC are infiltrated with multiple populations of macrophages that perform diverse functions to drive chronic disease progression. Unique C1Q + macrophages in sAH play a compensatory role in removing dead cells but may also promote inflammation in sAH.
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Monocyte-derived macrophage infiltration profoundly reshapes the Kupffer cell compartment.
“Conversely, MoMFs infiltration profoundly reshapes the KCs compartment (31, 32).”
From Macrophage duality in liver diseases: heterogeneity, plasticity, and the quest for precision therapeutics (2026) · cites this paper as [32]
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Zhu, Q.-Q., Liu, Y.-F., Hu, W., Liu, Y., Fu, S., Xie, W., Liu, J., Xiong, Y., Sun, T., & Gong, B.-B. (2026) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s596237
“…effects of alcohol consumption, which impact nearly all organ systems and are linked to a spectrum of inflammatory diseases such as hepatitis, pancreatitis, neuroinflammation, and atherosclerosis, 9–13 are mediated through mechanisms involving macrophage infiltration and M1 polarization.”
Yao, T., Fan, M.-L., Hao, Z., Jiang, Z., Li, X., Wang, S., & Xu, Z.-L. (2026) · Cell & Bioscience · doi:10.1186/s13578-026-01562-7
“TThe substantial contribution from CD68 ⁺ macrophages (3.3-fold increase) is consistent with established literature documenting S100 protein expression in activated myeloid populations and their critical role in amplifying inflammatory cascades [16, 17].”
InfluentialThe Key Role of Complement Receptor CRIg in Kupffer Cell-Mediated Liver Disease Progression
Sun, X., & Liu, Y. (2026) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v18040473
Role of myeloid cell transcription factor EB in alcohol-induced liver injury in mice
Williams, S., Yusuf, K. A., Chao, X.-J., Ni, H.-M., & Ding, W.-X. (2026) · Liver Research · doi:10.1016/j.livres.2026.01.003
“50,53,54 Increased circulation and hepatic infiltration of neutrophils have been observed in human AH patients as well.”
Chen, Y., Sun, Y., Chen, X., Liu, Y., & Wang, H. (2026) · Targetome · doi:10.48130/targetome-0026-0031
- Authors
- Wang, Y., Guan, Y., Feng, D., Maccioni, L., Parra, M. A., Peiffer, B., Mackowiak, B., Kuwabara, T., Mori, K., Mukoyama, M., Bataller, R., Sun, Z., & Gao, B.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Kumamoto University (JP)
- Shizuoka University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Gao, Bin
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cellular & Molecular Immunology
- Published
- 2025-09-17
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1262-1275
- ISSN
- 1672-7681 (ISSN-L)
- 2042-0226
- PMC
- PMC12480828
- OpenAlex
- W4414305036
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 4
- FWCI
- 15.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (Intramural program)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver physiology and pathology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver Diseases and Immunity
- Keywords
- alcoholic cirrhosis, Kupffer cells, monocyte-derived macrophages, hepatic macrophages, C1q, S100A8, apolipoprotein E, phagocytosis, liver inflammation, neutrophil infiltration, single-cell RNA sequencing
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Apolipoproteins E, Hepatitis, Alcoholic, Humans, Kupffer Cells, Liver, Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic, Macrophages, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Neutrophils, Phagocytosis, Complement C1q, Mice, Knockout, Calgranulin A, Mice
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