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Ambient ultraviolet radiation and ocular melanoma incidence in the United States, 2000−2019
Open accessAbstract
Background/Objectives: Ocular melanoma is a rare, but deadly cancer. This large cancer registry study examines the associations between solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and incidence of different anatomical sites of ocular melanoma by sex, age, laterality, and race and ethnicity. Methods: Incidence data were derived from 21 cancer registries in the US for the years 2000–2019. Satellite-based UVR estimates were linked to county of residence at diagnosis. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for UVR quartiles using Poisson models. Results: UVR was not associated with total ocular melanoma ( N = 18,089) comparing Q4 versus Q1 (IRR = 0.98; 95%CI:0.94,1.03; p- trend = 0.07) or conjunctival melanoma (IRR = 0.99; 95%CI:0.82,1.19; p -trend = 0.81). However, in analyses of continuous UVR (per 10 mW/m 2 ), risks were reduced for total ocular melanoma (IRR = 0.97; 95% CI: 0.96, 0.99). Incidence was increased for ciliary body/iris melanoma in the highest UVR quartile (IRR = 1.63; 95%CI:1.43,1.87; p- trend < 0.0001) and remained increased in non-Hispanic White individuals only. Incidence was reduced for choroidal melanoma in the highest UVR quartile (IRR = 0.86; 95%CI:0.82,0.91; p -trend < 0.0001). Conclusions: UVR may be associated with increased risk of ciliary body/iris melanoma. Reduced risk of choroidal melanoma may be due to higher diffuse UVR exposure to posterior ocular sites in locations at higher latitudes. Our results support and expand previous findings of associations of UVR using various surrogates on ocular melanoma risk and serve as a starting point for understanding the differences in the relationship between UVR and specific anatomical sites.
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Higher ambient UV-radiation was not associated with total ocular melanoma.
“Whilst higher ambient UV-radiation was not associated with total ocular melanoma, those in the highest UV-radiation quartile were at higher risk of melanomas occurring in the iris or ciliary body (i.e., in the front of the eye, where 17% of ocular melanomas arise).”
From Environmental consequences of interacting effects of changes in stratospheric ozone, ultraviolet radiation, and climate: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2024 (2025) · cites this paper as [261]
The Abstract Results report no association with total ocular melanoma when comparing the highest and lowest UVR quartiles. However, the Results report a small inverse association when UVR is analyzed continuously, so the unqualified statement that higher ambient UVR was not associated with total ocular melanoma is broader than the findings support. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThose in the highest UV-radiation quartile were at higher risk of melanomas occurring in the iris or ciliary body (i.e., in the front of the eye, where 17% of ocular melanomas arise).
“Whilst higher ambient UV-radiation was not associated with total ocular melanoma, those in the highest UV-radiation quartile were at higher risk of melanomas occurring in the iris or ciliary body (i.e., in the front of the eye, where 17% of ocular melanomas arise).”
From Environmental consequences of interacting effects of changes in stratospheric ozone, ultraviolet radiation, and climate: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2024 (2025) · cites this paper as [261]
The Abstract Results report no association for total ocular melanoma when comparing the highest with the lowest UVR quartile, but increased incidence of ciliary body/iris melanoma in the highest quartile. The Discussion identifies the iris as an anterior structure. Our copy does not support the added statement that 17% of ocular melanomas arise in the iris or ciliary body; the Introduction’s ~83% figure refers to uveal melanoma as a whole. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Metadata
- Authors
- Arockiaraj, B. M., Cahoon, E. K., Sargen, M. R., Long, E., Tucker, M. A., & Mai, J. Z.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Venue
- Eye
- Published
- 2024-02-13
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1618-1625
- ISSN
- 0078-5334 (ISSN-L)
- 0950-222X
- 1476-5454
- PMC
- PMC11156983
- OpenAlex
- W4391799977
- Cited by
- 16
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 4
- FWCI
- 6.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Eye (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
- National Institutes of Health
- National Cancer Institute
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular Oncology and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular and Laser Science Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management
- Keywords
- ocular melanoma, ultraviolet radiation, choroidal melanoma, cancer incidence, non-Hispanic whites, sex differences, age differences, laterality, race and ethnicity, latitude
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Conjunctival Neoplasms, Eye Neoplasms, Female, Humans, Male, Melanoma, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced, Registries, Risk Factors, Ultraviolet Rays, United States, Incidence, Young Adult
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