The DOI matches its Crossref record; 62 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The hidden structure of human enamel
Open accessAbstract
Enamel is the hardest and most resilient tissue in the human body. Enamel includes morphologically aligned, parallel, ∼50 nm wide, microns-long nanocrystals, bundled either into 5-μm-wide rods or their space-filling interrod. The orientation of enamel crystals, however, is poorly understood. Here we show that the crystalline c-axes are homogenously oriented in interrod crystals across most of the enamel layer thickness. Within each rod crystals are not co-oriented with one another or with the long axis of the rod, as previously assumed: the c-axes of adjacent nanocrystals are most frequently mis-oriented by 1°–30°, and this orientation within each rod gradually changes, with an overall angle spread that is never zero, but varies between 30°–90° within one rod. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that the observed mis-orientations of adjacent crystals induce crack deflection. This toughening mechanism contributes to the unique resilience of enamel, which lasts a lifetime under extreme physical and chemical challenges.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Fast Parallel Algorithms for Short-Range Molecular Dynamics
Plimpton, S. (1995) · Journal of Computational Physics · doi:10.1006/jcph.1995.1039 · Cited by 44,721
Bioinspired structural materials
Wegst, U. G. K., Bai, H., Saiz, E., Tomsia, A. P., & Ritchie, R. O. (2015) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat4089 · Cited by 4,721
Imperfect Oriented Attachment: Dislocation Generation in Defect-Free Nanocrystals
Penn, R. L., & Banfield, J. F. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.281.5379.969 · Cited by 2,411
Materials become insensitive to flaws at nanoscale: Lessons from nature
Gao, H., Ji, B., Jäger, I. L., Arzt, E., & Fratzl, P. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0631609100 · Cited by 1,922
Ten Cate's Oral Histology: Development, Structure, and Function
Cate, A. R. T., & Nanci, A. (2003) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,490
Nanostructuring of metals by severe plastic deformation for advanced properties
Valiev, R. Z. (2004) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat1180 · Cited by 1,444
Paradox of Strength and Ductility in Metals Processed Bysevere Plastic Deformation
Valiev, R. Z., Alexandrov, I. V., Zhu, Y. T., & Lowe, T. C. (2002) · Journal of Materials Research · doi:10.1557/jmr.2002.0002 · Cited by 1,162
Skeleton of Euplectella sp.: Structural Hierarchy from the Nanoscale to the Macroscale
Aizenberg, J., Weaver, J. C., Thanawala, M. S., Sundar, V. C., Morse, D. E., & Fratzl, P. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1112255 · Cited by 1,144
On the Fracture Toughness of Advanced Materials
Launey, M. E., & Ritchie, R. O. (2009) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.200803322 · Cited by 967
Ritchie, R. O. (1988) · Materials Science and Engineering: A · doi:10.1016/0025-5416(88)90547-2 · Cited by 874
Cited by
Active learning of neural network potentials for rare events
(2024) · doi:10.1039/d3dd00216k · Cited by 20
Biomimetic supramolecular protein matrix restores structure and properties of human dental enamel
Hasan, A., Chuvilin, A., Van Teijlingen, A., Rouco, H., Parmenter, C., Venturi, F., Fay, M., Greco, G., Pugno, N. M., Ruben, J., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-64982-y · Cited by 15
Metadata
- Authors
- Beniash, E., Stifler, C. A., Sun, C.-Y., Jung, G. S., Qin, Z., Buehler, M. J., & Gilbert, P. U. P. A.
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2019-09-26
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 4383-4383
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2975726019
- Cited by
- 265
- References
- 62
- FWCI
- 5.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The hidden structure of human enamel. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1038/s41467-019-12185-7
- The paper
- Beniash, E., Stifler, C. A., Sun, C.-Y., Jung, G. S., Qin, Z., Buehler, M. J., & Gilbert, P. U. P. A. (2019). The hidden structure of human enamel. Nature Communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12185-7
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
