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Low cost DNA data storage using photolithographic synthesis and advanced information reconstruction and error correction
Open accessAbstract
Due to its longevity and enormous information density, DNA is an attractive medium for archival storage. The current hamstring of DNA data storage systems—both in cost and speed—is synthesis. The key idea for breaking this bottleneck pursued in this work is to move beyond the low-error and expensive synthesis employed almost exclusively in today’s systems, towards cheaper, potentially faster, but high-error synthesis technologies. Here, we demonstrate a DNA storage system that relies on massively parallel light-directed synthesis, which is considerably cheaper than conventional solid-phase synthesis. However, this technology has a high sequence error rate when optimized for speed. We demonstrate that even in this high-error regime, reliable storage of information is possible, by developing a pipeline of algorithms for encoding and reconstruction of the information. In our experiments, we store a file containing sheet music of Mozart, and show perfect data recovery from low synthesis fidelity DNA.
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In the citing paper
“With the use of photolithography to synthesize 10 000 copies of each oligo, with a nucleotide reagent cost of 100 USD/g and a logical density equal to 1 bit/nucleotide, the cost of 1 TB of data stored in DNA would be ∼10–2 USD, with a chemical yield of 100%.”
From Emerging Approaches to DNA Data Storage: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [42]
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In the citing paper
“In 2020, Antkowiak et al. proposed that synthesis costs will drop to around 106 USD/TB (i.e., 2–3 orders of magnitude reduction) as a result of improved synthesis strategies, including large parallelization, optimization of reagents, and combination of nonvolatile DNA-based memories with logical operations”
From Emerging Approaches to DNA Data Storage: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [42]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Moreover, its logical density (1.75 bits/nt) is double that of Antkowiak et al.’s method (0.8 bits/nt) [20] with only about 2.5% reduction in error correction capability.”
From Study of the error correction capability of multiple sequence alignment algorithm (MAFFT) in DNA storage (2023) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, its logical density (1.75 bits/nt) is double that of Antkowiak et al.’s method (0.8 bits/nt) [20] with only about 2.5% reduction in error correction capability.”
From Study of the error correction capability of multiple sequence alignment algorithm (MAFFT) in DNA storage (2023) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, its logical density (1.75 bits/nt) is double that of Antkowiak et al.’s method (0.8 bits/nt) [20] with only about 2.5% reduction in error correction capability.”
From Study of the error correction capability of multiple sequence alignment algorithm (MAFFT) in DNA storage (2023) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“Following the original introduction of the inner-outer encoding scheme, the vast majority of subsequent works used such a scheme for DNA data storage.”
From Emerging Approaches to DNA Data Storage: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“However, both for low and large error rates, dominated by deletion errors, one also uses physical redundancy to recover the original information.”
From Emerging Approaches to DNA Data Storage: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“For example, in Antkowiak et al.,42 the noisy sequences were first clustered by similarity, then the information on multiple erroneous copies was combined to construct a sequence with fewer errors. This was achieved by an alignment step within the clusters and subsequent majority voting.”
From Emerging Approaches to DNA Data Storage: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“Thus, Antkowiak et al. proved that the combination of synthesis processes that produce lower quality DNA oligos (i.e., photolithographic synthesis) and appropriate error-correction codes allows a major cost decrease in DNA data archives.”
From Emerging Approaches to DNA Data Storage: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“Even if this chemical yield is impossible to achieve in industrial conditions, DNA data storage will be competitive against tape storage (20 USD/TB cost) even at 0.1% chemical yield.”
From Emerging Approaches to DNA Data Storage: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“In the latter case, the cost of photolithographic DNA storage would be ∼10 USD/TB, and synthesis conditions would be similar to the one used in surface chemistry (1000× reagent excess), which demonstrates that an optimization of chemical DNA synthesis processes is compatible with DNA data storage applications.”
From Emerging Approaches to DNA Data Storage: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [42]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Antkowiak, P. L., Lietard, J., Darestani, M. Z., Somoza, M. M., Stark, W. J., Heckel, R., & Grass, R. N.
- Affiliations
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- University of Vienna (AT)
- Rice University (US)
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Heckel, Reinhard
- Grass, Robert N.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2020-10-22
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5345-5345
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7582880
- OpenAlex
- W3093968171
- Cited by
- 173
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 4.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- mediaTUM (Technical University of Munich) (submittedVersion)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion)
- Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- ETH Zürich Research Collection (cc-by)
- Funders
- Rice University
- Austrian Science Fund (P27275, FWF P27275, P 30596, P27275 and P30596)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Theoretical Computer Science › DNA and Biological Computing
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Theoretical Computer Science › Algorithms and Data Compression
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Advanced Data Storage Technologies
- Keywords
- DNA data storage, information reconstruction, error correction, encoding algorithms, archival storage, solid-phase synthesis
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Base Sequence, DNA, Light, Monte Carlo Method, Gene Library, Information Storage and Retrieval, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Photochemical Processes, Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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