The RIX domain defines a class of polymorphic T6SS effectors and secreted adaptors
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Abstract
Bacteria use the type VI secretion system (T6SS) to deliver toxic effectors into bacterial or eukaryotic cells during interbacterial competition, host colonization, or when resisting predation. Identifying effectors is a challenging task, as they lack canonical secretion signals or universally conserved domains. Here, we identify a protein domain, RIX, that defines a class of polymorphic T6SS cargo effectors. RIX is widespread in the Vibrionaceae family and is located at N-termini of proteins containing diverse antibacterial and anti-eukaryotic toxic domains. We demonstrate that RIX-containing proteins are delivered via T6SS into neighboring cells and that RIX is necessary and sufficient for T6SS-mediated secretion. In addition, RIX-containing proteins can enable the T6SS-mediated delivery of other cargo effectors by a previously undescribed mechanism. The identification of RIX-containing proteins significantly enlarges the repertoire of known T6SS effectors, especially those with anti-eukaryotic activities. Furthermore, our findings also suggest that T6SSs may play an underappreciated role in the interactions between vibrios and eukaryotes.
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Wang, Y., Ma, T., & Ye, Y. (2025) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.01652-25 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Algorithms for Effector Prediction in Plant Pathogens and Pests: Achievements and Current Challenges
Santos-Briones, C. D. L., Carreón-Anguiano, K. G., Vila-Luna, S. E., Todd, J. N. A., Islas‐Flores, I., Sáenz-Carbonell, L., Gamas-Trujillo, P. A., & Canto‐Canché, B. (2024) · Microbiology Research · doi:10.3390/microbiolres15040145 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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Bernal, P. (2024) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2024.04.009 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Wang, C., Chen, M., Shao, Y., Jiang, M., Li, Q., Chen, L., Wu, Y., Cen, S., Waterfield, N. R., Yang, J., et al. (2023) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-023-05580-w · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Assessing toxicity and competitive fitness of Vibrio isolates from coastal waters in Israel
Kanarek, K., Keppel, K., Cohen, H., Fridman, C. M., Gerlic, M., & Salomon, D. (2025) · mSphere · doi:10.1128/msphere.00025-25 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationCavanagh, D., Lopez, K. L. M., Headrick, J., Sprinkel, K., van Hoek, M. L., & Froelich, B. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.06.03.597196 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Two cysteines control Tse1 secretion by H1 ‐ T6SS in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Grandjean, M. M., Duneau, J., Garcin, E. B., Houot, L., Bornet, O., Bordi, C., Elantak, L., & Sebban‐Kreuzer, C. (2025) · Protein Science · doi:10.1002/pro.70226
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Self-citationBERT-T6: Toward High-Accuracy T6SS Bacterial Toxin Identification Using a Protein Language Model
Mo, X.-W., Cai, J.-X., & Siu, S. W. I. (2026) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.5c02744
IglF mediates type VI secretion system spike assembly and promotes Francisella virulence
Degabriel, M., Guiot, E., Marcotte, M., Berthollier, C., Soussan, D., Bataille, L., Journeau, C., Ducret, A., Dayet, S., Mosnier, A., et al. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2530804123
Artificial genetic augmentation of T6SS activity affects effector repertoire and host toxicity
Cohen, H., Elias, E., Bar-Yaacov, D., Salomon, D., & Gerlic, M. (2026) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.01278-26
Self-citation
- Authors
- Kanarek, K., Fridman, C. M., Bosis, E., & Salomon, D.
- Affiliations
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Braude College of Engineering Karmiel (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Bosis, Eran
- Salomon, Dor
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2023-08-17
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 4983-4983
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10435454
- OpenAlex
- W4385950607
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8
- FWCI
- 5.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Israel Science Foundation (1362/21, 920/17)
- EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (714224)
- Council for Higher Education
- The Clore Israel Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Vibrio bacteria research studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Escherichia coli research studies
- Keywords
- type VI secretion system, T6SS effectors, Vibrio, Vibrionaceae, bacterial competition, protein secretion
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Biological Transport, Eukaryotic Cells, Predatory Behavior, Eukaryota
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