The DOI matches its Crossref record; 221 of the 226 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Energy autonomous electronic skin
Open accessAbstract
Energy autonomy is key to the next generation portable and wearable systems for several applications. Among these, the electronic-skin or e-skin is currently a matter of intensive investigations due to its wider applicability in areas, ranging from robotics to digital health, fashion and internet of things (IoT). The high density of multiple types of electronic components (e.g. sensors, actuators, electronics, etc.) required in e-skin, and the need to power them without adding heavy batteries, have fuelled the development of compact flexible energy systems to realize self-powered or energy-autonomous e-skin. The compact and wearable energy systems consisting of energy harvesters, energy storage devices, low-power electronics and efficient/wireless power transfer-based technologies, are expected to revolutionize the market for wearable systems and in particular for e-skin. This paper reviews the development in the field of self-powered e-skin, particularly focussing on the available energy-harvesting technologies, high capacity energy storage devices, and high efficiency power transmission systems. The paper highlights the key challenges, critical design strategies, and most promising materials for the development of an energy-autonomous e-skin for robotics, prosthetics and wearable systems. This paper will complement other reviews on e-skin, which have focussed on the type of sensors and electronics components.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“It is worth noting that a hybrid energy supply could further enhance the stability of energy supply 112 .”
From A review of sampling, energy supply and intelligent monitoring for long-term sweat sensors (2022) · cites this paper as [112]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 films
O'Regan, B., & Grätzel, M. (1991) · Nature · doi:10.1038/353737a0 · Cited by 28,599 · cited 2×
“Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) use a combination of interpenetrating networks based on mesoscopic and wide bandgap semiconductor materials as photo-electrodes with dye-sensitizer electrolytes as light absorbing material electrolytes.(69) DSSCs mainly differ from conventional semiconductor solid-state PV cells in te…”
BackgroundArmand, M., & Tarascon, J.-M. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/451652a · Cited by 19,612 · cited 1×
“The batteries offer a limited life span and short charging/discharging cyclic stability and durability, risky overheating effects, and are often heavy.(26) Because of the need, and currently the lack of suitable solutions, significant efforts have been devoted during the last decades to develop alternative solutions s…”
BackgroundSemiconductor Clusters, Nanocrystals, and Quantum Dots
Alivisatos, A. P. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.271.5251.933 · Cited by 11,518 · cited 1×
“Quantum-dots sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs) have emerged rapidly in the field of PVs mainly due to their unique optoelectronic properties which can be accurately tailored by either varying QDs dimensions or doping processes.(85) Their design which is similar to DSSCs, includes deposition of narrow bandgap semiconduct…”
BackgroundPiezoelectric Nanogenerators Based on Zinc Oxide Nanowire Arrays
Wang, Z. L., & Song, J. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1124005 · Cited by 7,922 · cited 2×
“Strain-induced charge generated by a single piezoelectric ZnO NW, in clamped-free configuration, has been demonstrated by contacting the tip of atomic force microscope (AFM) on the top of NW vertically aligned on the substrate surface.(101) These results exhibit energy discharges of around 0.”
BackgroundFlexible triboelectric generator
Fan, F.-R., Tian, Z.-Q., & Lin Wang, Z. (2012) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.01.004 · Cited by 6,705 · cited 6×
“Triboelectric energy nanogenerators (TENGs) were discovered from “badly” encapsulated ZnO NWs piezoelectric energy generators, where bottom and top electrodes were allowed to slide or contact and the electrostatic induction during the process leading to generation of few volts from triboelectric effect.(37) TENGs are…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialConjugated Polymer-Based Organic Solar Cells
Günes, S., Neugebauer, H., & Sariciftci, N. S. (2007) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr050149z · Cited by 6,279 · cited 1×
“Organic PVs (OPVs) are mainly based on four different structures, including single-layer, bi-layer heterojunction, bulk heterojunction and diffuse-layer heterojunction.(63) The lowest performance obtained by OPVs is shown by single-layer and bi-layer heterojunction, which present a poor PCE below 1% and maximum PD of…”
BackgroundYella, A., Lee, H., Tsao, H. N., Yi, C., Chandiran, A. K., Nazeeruddin, M. K., Diau, E. W., Yeh, C., Zakeeruddin, S. M., & Grätzel, M. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1209688 · Cited by 6,023 · cited 1×
“9% and a PD of around 118W/m(2).(73) These achievements are promising for powering micro- and nano-devices integrated in an e-skin.”
BackgroundThin-film thermoelectric devices with high room-temperature figures of merit
Venkatasubramanian, R., Siivola, E., Colpitts, T. S., & O’Quinn, B. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35098012 · Cited by 5,207 · cited 1×
“4 at 300 K).(133) Chalcogenide compounds such as Cs1−xRbxBi4Te, have also been used as TE materials for near-/mid-room-temperature applications, e.”
MethodTwo-layer organic photovoltaic cell
Tang, C. W. (1986) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.96937 · Cited by 5,169 · cited 1×
“7 W/ m(2).(79) On the other hand, bulk heterojunction OPV cells exhibit a better performance, showing higher PCE up to 5–8%, and PD of 49.”
BackgroundPolymer–Fullerene Composite Solar Cells
Thompson, B. C., & Fréchet, J. M. J. (2007) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.200702506 · Cited by 4,149
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Khan, S., Dahiya, R. S. & Lorenzelli, L. In Proc. 44th European Solid State Dev. Res. Conf. (ESSDERC) 86–89 (IEEE, Venice, 2014).
- Hakim, M. M. A. et al. Low cost mass manufacturable silicon nano-sensors for detection of molecules in gas phase. SF J. Nanochem. Nanotechnol. 1, 1006 (2018).
- Torfs, T. Pulse oximeter fully powered by human body heat. Sens. Transducers J. 80, 1230–1238 (2007).
- Agbinya, J. I. Wireless Power Transfer Vol. 45 (River Publishers, 2015).
- Jadidian, J. & Katabi, D. Wireless power transfer. U.S. Patent No. 9,800,076 (2017).
- Navaraj, W. T., Gupta, S., Lorenzelli, L. & Dahiya, R. Wafer scale transfer of ultra-thin silicon chips on flexible substrates for high performance bendable systems. Adv. Electron. Mater. 4, 1700277 (2018). · DOI
- Rao, R. K. Electronic skin patch for real time monitoring of cardiac activity and personal health management. U.S. Patent No. 8,734,339 (2014).
- Strömmer, E. Hillukkala, M. & Ylisaukko-oja, A. in Wireless Sensors Actor Networks 131–142 (Springer, Boston, 2007).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–332 of 332
Manjakkal, L., García‐Núñez, C., & Dahiya, R. (2019) · Micro- and Nanotechnology Sensors, Systems, and Applications · doi:10.1117/12.2520757 · Cited by 1
“The great progress achieved in the field of energy autonomous systems has been summarized in our previous work [1].”
BackgroundSelf-citationReliability investigation of Via-bridges for flexible electronics
Neto, J., Zumeit, A., Navaraj, W. T., & Dahiya, R. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Flexible and Printable Sensors and Systems (FLEPS) · doi:10.1109/fleps.2019.8792275 · Cited by 1
“Progresses in the flexible electronics field unlocked the fabrication of next-generation devices such as foldable mobile phones, wearables [1], electronic skin (e-skin) [2-4], textile electronics [5], flexible energy harvesting/storage [2,5] and flexible memory devices [6,7].”
BackgroundSelf-citationTechnologies for Realisation of Ultra-thin Chips
Kumaresan, Y., Yogeswaran, N., & Dahiya, R. (2020) · IEEE Latin American Electron Devices Conference (LAEDC) · doi:10.1109/laedc49063.2020.9073550 · Cited by 1
“monocrystalline Si is an attractive choice for the development of high performance flexible electronic applications [12, 13].”
BackgroundSelf-citationKinetic Analysis of the VLS Growth of Semiconducting Nanowires
Shakthivel, D., Christou, A., & Dahiya, R. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Flexible and Printable Sensors and Systems (FLEPS) · doi:10.1109/fleps49123.2020.9239428 · Cited by 1
Self-citationSynthesis of Multi-functional ZnO Nanomaterials on Flexible Substrates for Flexible Electronics
Dahiya, A. S., & Dahiya, R. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Flexible and Printable Sensors and Systems (FLEPS) · doi:10.1109/fleps49123.2020.9239485 · Cited by 1
Self-citationLife Cycle Assessment of Energy Generating Flexible Electronic Skin
Mukherjee, R., & Dahiya, R. (2021) · IEEE International Conference on Flexible and Printable Sensors and Systems (FLEPS) · doi:10.1109/fleps51544.2021.9469825 · Cited by 1
Self-citationElsobky, M., & Burghartz, J. N. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119869610.ch10 · Cited by 1
Introduction to Hybrid System-in-Foil
Elsobky, M. (2022) · Springer theses · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97726-9_2 · Cited by 1
Kondo resonance effects in emergent flat band materials
Ukpong, A. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Physics · doi:10.3389/fphy.2022.1075857 · Cited by 1
Emerging sustainable sensors based on nanostructures on flexible and disposable substrates
Willander, M., Nur, O., & Dahiya, R. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Flexible and Printable Sensors and Systems (FLEPS) · doi:10.1109/fleps49123.2020.9239509
Self-citationPrototype Haptic Feedback Device for Robot-Assisted Minimally Invasive Surgery
Zagori, S. I., & Kakarountas, A. P. (2021) · South-East Europe Design Automation, Computer Engineering, Computer Networks and Social Media Conference (SEEDA-CECNSM) · doi:10.1109/seeda-cecnsm53056.2021.9566281
Knapkiewicz, P., & Walczak, R. (2021) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-03943-580-7
Zero-energy snow removal system for track switch based on air forced fieldPreprint
Qi, L., Jiang, M., & Yan, J. (2021) · doi:10.46855/energy-proceedings-8213
Emerging Technologies and NATO's Expansion
Kosal, M. E. (2023) · Transatlantic Policy Quarterly · doi:10.58867/ibis9578/scrm1902
Square Polyhedron Transmitter for Three-Dimensional Omnidirectional Wireless Power Transfer
Zhao, Y., Guo, B., Tian, Z., Chen, W., Yang, W. K., & Pan, S. (2023) · Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering · doi:10.1007/s13369-023-08346-y
“Wireless power transfer (WPT) is widely used in daily life and is gradually expanding to applications such as electric vehicles, portable devices, robotics and biomedical implants [1–3].”
Manouchehri, I., laelabadi, K. G., Salimi, A., & Hassanzadeh, A. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4678647
On chip micro supercapacitor based on microfabrication technology
Begum, R., Kabir, R., & Ghosh, C. K. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-96020-5.00268-5
Manouchehri, I., laelabadi, K. G., Salimi, A., & Hassanzadeh, A. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4777172
Manouchehri, I., laelabadi, K. G., Salimi, A., & Hassanzadeh, A. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4827044
Nakanishi, I., Nakamura, H., Jyouki, M., & Hatamoto, Y. (2024) · WSEAS Transactions on Circuits and Systems archive · doi:10.37394/23201.2024.23.12
Flexible Artificial Skin With Multifunctional Detection of Temperature and Flow
Li, J., Yan, Y., Deng, J., Ma, B., Yuan, W., & Yu, Y. (2025) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2025.3532916
“Further research focused on epidermal electronics [29], [30], [31], multifunctional composite devices [27], [28], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], wireless devices [38], [39], array or pixel [17], [32], and signal transferring to the human nervous system [7], [9].”
Abidin, N. A. K. Z., Nayan, N. M., Jamel, N., & Ali, A. B. (2025) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2998/1/012012
Explicit Analytical Model of Stretchable Interconnects for Flexible Electronics System
Bhatti, G., Agrawal, Y., Palaparthy, V. S., Kumar, M. G., & Sharma, R. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Signal and Power Integrity · doi:10.1109/tsipi.2025.3592610
Miniaturized Microbial Fuel Cells for Smart Devices: Application and Power Generation
Mao, Y. M., Ramya, K., & Goel, S. (2025) · International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology · doi:10.1007/s40684-025-00778-1
Additional file 1 of How often should dead-reckoned animal movement paths be corrected for drift?
Gunner, R., Holton, M. D., Scantlebury, D. M., Hopkins, P., Shepard, E. L. C., Fell, A., Garde, B., Quintana, F., Gómez-Laich, A., Yoda, K., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16822582
Additional file 1 of Dead-reckoning animal movements in R: a reappraisal using Gundog.Tracks
Gunner, R., Holton, M. D., Scantlebury, M. D., van Schalkwyk, O. L., English, H. M., Williams, H. J., Hopkins, P., Quintana, F., Gómez-Laich, A., Börger, L., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14897183
Zhu, Y., Wu, S., Pan, Y., Zhang, X., Yan, Z., & Xiang, Y. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12720004
A Metaloop Rectenna With Integrated Solar Cell for Compact RF-Solar Hybrid Energy Harvesting
Jing, Y., Lu, P., Huang, K., Song, C., & Shen, S. (2026) · IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters · doi:10.1109/lawp.2026.3704172
“The proposed hybrid energy harvester compensates for the insufficient output power from rectenna and enhances the DC output of solar cell, making it ideal for μ W-powered sensors in IoT, smart skins, and indoor monitoring systems [18], [19], [20].”
Ultrathin, Fully Solution‐Processed P(VDF‐TrFE) Piezoelectric Sensor Matrix for Electronic Skin
Kajas, N., Montero, K. L., Ukkonen, L., Surakka, V., & Mäntysalo, M. (2026) · Advanced Electronic Materials · doi:10.1002/aelm.70516
“Equally important, their fabrication must be scalable, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable, both in terms of material selection and processing routes [ 11 ].”
Kim, D.-E., Thean, A., Kim, M., Lee, H., Park, H., & Hong, C. (2026) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.78640
Kim, H., Eom, T., Lee, Y., Manshaii, F., Ha, M., Chen, J., & Jeong, C. K. (2026) · Progress in Materials Science · doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2026.101856
Varghese, H., Roy, K., Kallupadi, V. P., Salim, A., Hareesh, U. N. S., Lee, C., & Chandran, A. (2026) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2026.112542
Metadata
- Authors
- García Núñez, C., Manjakkal, L., & Dahiya, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dahiya, Ravinder
- Venue
- npj Flexible Electronics
- Published
- 2019-01-04
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 2397-4621 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2906776524
- Cited by
- 332
- References
- 226
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 34
- FWCI
- 16.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- npj Flexible Electronics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- The UWS Academic Portal (University of the West of Scotland) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Edinburgh Napier Research Repository (Edinburgh Napier University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/R029644/1, EP/M002527/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Innovative Energy Harvesting Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks
- Keywords
- electronic skin, energy self-sufficiency, self-powered devices, energy harvesting, energy storage devices, wireless power transfer, wearable electronics, flexible energy systems, prosthetics, robotics, Internet of Things
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
