Current and projected future economic burden of Parkinson’s disease in the U.S.
Open accessAbstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the world’s fastest growing neurological disorders. Much is unknown about PD-associated economic burdens in the United States (U.S.) and other high-income nations. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the economic burdens of PD in the U.S. (2017) and projections for the next two decades. Multiple data sources were used to estimate the costs of PD, including public and private administrative claims data, Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, and a primary survey (n = 4,548) designed for this study. We estimated a U.S. prevalence of approximately one million individuals with diagnosed Parkinson’s disease in 2017 and a total economic burden of $51.9 billion. The total burden of PD includes direct medical costs of $25.4 billion and $26.5 billion in indirect and non-medical costs, including an indirect cost of $14.2 billion (PWP and caregiver burden combined), non-medical costs of $7.5 billion, and $4.8 billion due to disability income received by PWPs. The Medicare program bears the largest share of excess medical costs, as most PD patients are over age 65. Projected PD prevalence will be more than 1.6 million with projected total economic burden surpassing $79 billion by 2037. The economic burden of PD was previously underestimated. Our findings underscore the substantial burden of PD to society, payers, patients, and caregivers. Interventions to reduce PD incidence, delay disease progression, and alleviate symptom burden may reduce the future economic burden of PD.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
UBQLN2 modulates MTORC1 activity, lysosomal acidification, and autophagosome maturation.
“UBQLN2 modulates MTORC1 activity, lysosomal acidification, and, in turn, autophagosome maturation [229–231].”
From Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications (2022) · cites this paper as [231]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Hearing loss and cognitive decline in older adults
Lin, F. R., Yaffe, K., Xia, J., Xue, Q.-L., Harris, T. B., Purchase-Helzner, E., Satterfield, S., Ayonayon, H. N., Ferrucci, L., Simonsick, E. M., et al. (2013) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.1868 · Cited by 4,017 · see citing works
Dorsey, E. R., Elbaz, A., Nichols, E., Abbasi, N., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Adsuar, J. C., Ansha, M. G., Brayne, C., Choi, J.-Y. J., et al. (2018) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30295-3 · Cited by 2,816 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Emerging Evidence of the Parkinson Pandemic
Dorsey, E. R., Sherer, T., Okun, M. S., & Bloem, B. R. (2018) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-181474 · Cited by 1,995 · see citing works
Monetary Costs of Dementia in the United States
Hurd, M. D., Martorell, P., Delavande, A., Mullen, K. J., & Langa, K. M. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa1204629 · Cited by 1,484 · see citing works
Egger, M., Jüni, P., Bartlett, C., Holenstein, F., & Sterne, J. (2003) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta7010 · Cited by 1,181 · see citing works
US spending on personal health care and public health, 1996-2013.
Dieleman, J. L., Baral, R., Birger, M., Bui, A. L., Bulchis, A., Chapin, A., Hamavid, H., Horst, C., Johnson, E. K., Joseph, J., et al. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.16885 · Cited by 1,044 · see citing works
Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease across North America
Marras, C., Beck, J. C., Bower, J. H., Roberts, E. M., Ritz, B. R., Ross, G. W., Abbott, R. D., Savica, R., Eeden, S. K. V. D., Willis, A. W., et al. (2018) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-018-0058-0 · Cited by 972 · see citing works
Self-citationThe current and projected economic burden of Parkinson's disease in the United States
Kowal, S. L., Dall, T. M., Chakrabarti, R., Storm, M. V., & Jain, A. (2013) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.25292 · Cited by 667 · see citing works
When DLB, PD, and PSP masquerade as MSA
Koga, S., Aoki, N., Uitti, R. J., van Gerpen, J. A., Cheshire, W. P., Josephs, K. A., Wszołek, Z. K., Langston, J. W., & Dickson, D. W. (2015) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000001807 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Burden of illness in Parkinson's disease
Huse, D. M., Schulman, K. L., Orsini, L. S., Castelli‐Haley, J., Kennedy, S., & Lenhart, G. M. (2005) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.20609 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of Parkinson's disease and exposure to pesticides.
Priyadarshi, A., Khuder, S., Schaub, E. A., & Shrivastava, S. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Neurologist care in Parkinson disease
Willis, A. W., Schootman, M., Evanoff, B., Perlmutter, J. S., & Racette, B. A. (2011) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e31822c9123 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
How valid is the clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease in the community?
Schrag, A. E. (2002) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.73.5.529 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
The Burden of Parkinson's Disease on Society, Family, and the Individual
Whetten‐Goldstein, K., Sloan, F. A., Kulas, E., Cutson, T. M., & Schenkman, M. L. (1997) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1997.tb01512.x · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy
Osaki, Y., Ben‐Shlomo, Y., Lees, A. J., Daniel, S. E., Colosimo, C., Wenning, G. K., & Quinn, N. P. (2003) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.10680 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Maele‐Fabry, G. V., Hoet, P., Vilain, F., & Lison, D. (2012) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2012.05.004 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Rizzo, G., Arcuti, S., Copetti, M., Alessandria, M., Savica, R., Fontana, A., Liguori, R., & Logroscino, G. (2017) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2017-316844 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
A systematic review of the worldwide prevalence and incidence of Parkinson's disease.
Muangpaisan, W., Mathews, A., Hori, H., & Seidel, D. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Cost of illness for neuromuscular diseases in the United States
Larkindale, J., Yang, W., Hogan, P. F., et al. (2013) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.23942 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationSensitivity and Specificity of Diagnostic Criteria for Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
Ali, F., Martin, P. R., Botha, H., Ahlskog, J. E., Bower, J. H., Masumoto, J. Y., Maraganore, D. M., Hassan, A., Eggers, S. D. Z., Boeve, B. F., et al. (2019) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.27619 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Parkinson's disease tremor: pathophysiology
Hallett, M. (2011) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/s1353-8020(11)70027-x · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Importance of low diagnostic Accuracy for early Parkinson's disease
Beach, T. G., & Adler, C. H. (2018) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.27485 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Economic burden associated with Parkinson's disease on elderly Medicare beneficiaries
Noyes, K., Liu, H., Li, Y., Holloway, R. G., & Dick, A. W. (2005) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.20727 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Nursing home and end-of-life care in Parkinson disease
Safarpour, D., Thibault, D. P., DeSanto, C. L., Boyd, C. M., Dorsey, E. R., Racette, B. A., & Willis, A. W. (2015) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000001715 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Associations between cerebrovascular risk factors and parkinson disease
Kummer, B. R., Diaz, I. M., Wu, X., Aaroe, A., Chen, M. L., Iadecola, C., Kamel, H., & Navi, B. B. (2019) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.25564 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Parkinson’s disease and pesticides: A meta-analysis of disease connection and genetic alterations
Ahmed, H., Abushouk, A. I., Gabr, M., Negida, A., & Abdel‐Daim, M. M. (2017) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2017.03.100 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Wanneveich, M., Moisan, F., Jacqmin‐Gadda, H., Elbaz, A., & Joly, P. (2018) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.27447 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Shin, S., Burnett, R. T., Kwong, J. C., Hystad, P., van Donkelaar, A., Brook, J. R., Copes, R., Tu, K., Goldberg, M. S., Villeneuve, P. J., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyy172 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Health policy approaches to measuring and valuing human life: conceptual and ethical issues.
Morrow, R. H., & Bryant, J. H. (1995) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.85.10.1356 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Smolensky, L., Amondikar, N., Crawford, K. L., Neu, S., Kopil, C., Daeschler, M., Riley, L., Agee, M., Alipanahi, B., Auton, A., et al. (2020) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0401-2 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationLee, P., Liu, L.-L., Sun, Y., Chen, Y., Liu, C., Li, C., Yu, H., & Ritz, B. R. (2016) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2016.08.017 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Neurobiology of Depression and Anxiety in Parkinson's Disease
Kano, O., Ikeda, K., Cridebring, D., Takazawa, T., Yoshii, Y., & Iwasaki, Y. (2011) · Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.4061/2011/143547 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Treatment of Advanced Parkinson's Disease
Varanese, S., Birnbaum, Z. E., Rossi, R. P., & Rocco, A. D. (2010) · Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.4061/2010/480260 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Mantri, S., Fullard, M. E., Beck, J. C., & Willis, A. W. (2019) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-019-0074-8 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationTime trends in incidence of Parkinson’s disease diagnosis in UK primary care
Horsfall, L., Petersen, I., Walters, K. R., & Schrag, A. E. (2012) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-012-6804-z · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Valuing Human Life: Estimating the Present Value of Lifetime Earnings, 2000Preprint
Max, W. B., Rice, D. P., Sung, H., et al. (2004) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Novel three-stage ascertainment method
Kis, B., Schrag, A. E., Ben‐Shlomo, Y., Klein, C., Gasperi, A., Spoegler, F., Schoenhuber, R., & Pramstaller, P. P. (2002) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.58.12.1820 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Lin, W.-Y., Lin, M., Weng, Y.-H., Yeh, T., Lin, Y., Fong, P., Wu, Y., Lu, C.-S., Chen, R., & Huang, Y. (2019) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.1368 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Estimating implied rates of discount in healthcare decision-making
West, R., McNabb, R., Thompson, A. G. H., Sheldon, T., & Evans, J. (2003) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta7380 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Economic Burden Associated With Parkinson Disease
O’Brien, J. A., Ward, A., Michels, S. L., Msph, Tzivelekis, S., Brandt, N., & PharmD (2009) · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Jain, S., Himali, J. J., Beiser, A., Ton, T. G. N., Kelly‐Hayes, M., Biggs, M. L., Delaney, J. A., Rosano, C., Seshadri, S. S., & Frank, S. (2014) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwu326 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Ayano, G. (2016) · Journal of Neurological Disorders · doi:10.4172/2329-6895.1000298 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Parkinson’s Disease Caregiving: Implications for Care Management
Parrish, M. M., Giunta, N., & Adams, S. (2003) · Care management journals · doi:10.1891/cmaj.4.1.53.57471 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
How to Avoid the Most Common Diagnostic Pitfalls for Parkinson's
SPLETE, H. (2006) · Caring for the Ages · doi:10.1016/s1526-4114(06)60059-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Incidence of Parkinson disease in North America
Willis, A. W., Roberts, E., Beck, J. C., Fiske, B., Ross, W., Savica, R., Van Den Eeden, S. K., Tanner, C. M., Marras, C., on behalf of the Parkinson’s Foundation P4 Group, et al. (2022) · npj Parkinson's Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-022-00410-y · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Self-citationGlucagon-like peptide-1: a multi-faceted anti-inflammatory agent
Mehdi, S. F., Pusapati, S., Anwar, M. S., Lohana, D., Kumar, P., Nandula, S. A., Nawaz, F. K., Tracey, K., Yang, H., LeRoith, D., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1148209 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Yuan, Y., Zhang, G., Wang, H., Chen, Y.-C., Liu, Y., Tarolli, C. G., Crepeau, D., Bukartyk, J., Junna, M. R., et al. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01932-x · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications
Chua, J. P., De Calbiac, H., Kabashi, E., & Barmada, S. J. (2022) · Autophagy · doi:10.1080/15548627.2021.1926656 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Antiageing strategy for neurodegenerative diseases: from mechanisms to clinical advances
Jiang, Q., Liu, J., Huang, S., Wang, X.-Y., Chen, X., Liu, G.-H., Ye, K., Song, W., Masters, C. L., Wang, J., et al. (2025) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-025-02145-7 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) in neurological disorders: pain or gain
Howard, P. G., Zou, P., Zhang, Y., Huang, F., Tesic, V., Wu, C. Y.-C., & Lee, R. H.-C. (2024) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114973 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Yang, W., Hamilton, J. L., Kopil, C., Beck, J. C., Tanner, C. M., Albin, R. L., Ray Dorsey, E., Dahodwala, N., Cintina, I., Hogan, P., & Thompson, T.
- Affiliations
- Lewin Group (United States) (US)
- Michael J. Fox Foundation (US)
- Parkinson's Foundation (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Yang, Wenya
- ORCID
- Venue
- npj Parkinson's Disease
- Published
- 2020-07-09
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 15-15
- ISSN
- 2373-8057 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7347582
- OpenAlex
- W3042050487
- Cited by
- 657
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 99 · 2025: 159 · 2024: 130 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 105 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 29.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- npj Parkinson s Disease (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research
- Parkinson's Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Healthcare Policy and Management
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, economic burden, prevalence projections, direct medical costs, indirect costs, caregiver burden, disability income, Medicare, older adults, United States
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
