Neighbourhood income and physical distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
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Abstract
Physical distancing has been the primary strategy to control COVID-19 in the United States. We used mobility data from a large, anonymized sample of smartphone users to assess the relationship between neighbourhood income and physical distancing during the pandemic. We found a strong gradient between neighbourhood income and physical distancing. Individuals in high-income neighbourhoods increased their days at home substantially more than individuals in low-income neighbourhoods did. Residents of low-income neighbourhoods were more likely to work outside the home, compared to residents in higher-income neighbourhoods, but were not more likely to visit locations such as supermarkets, parks and hospitals. Finally, we found that state orders were only associated with small increases in staying home in low-income neighbourhoods. Our findings indicate that people in lower-income neighbourhoods have faced barriers to physical distancing, particularly needing to work outside the home, and that state physical distancing policies have not mitigated these disparities.
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- Authors
- Jay, J., Bor, J., Nsoesie, E. O., Lipson, S. K., Jones, D. K., Galea, S., & Raifman, J.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jay, Jonathan
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Human Behaviour
- Published
- 2020-11-03
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1294-1302
- ISSN
- 2397-3374 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8107986
- OpenAlex
- W3096036142
- Cited by
- 346
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 89 · 2021: 103 · 2020: 12
- FWCI
- 10.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Human Behaviour (publishedVersion)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (77922)
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR001430)
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Boston University (1UL1TR001430)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K01MH121515)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › COVID-19 Prevention and Impact
- Keywords
- social distancing, COVID-19 pandemic, neighborhood income, socioeconomic disparities, smartphone mobility data, staying at home, work location, low-income neighbourhoods, United States
- MeSH terms
- Teleworking, Physical Distancing, COVID-19, Adult, Employment, Humans, Income, Public Policy, Residence Characteristics, United States
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