Identification of LiH and nanocrystalline LiF in the solid–electrolyte interphase of lithium metal anodes
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) composition is crucial to developing high-energy batteries based on lithium metal anodes. A particularly contentious issue concerns the presence of LiH in the SEI. Here we report on the use of synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction and pair distribution function analysis to identify and differentiate two elusive components, LiH and LiF, in the SEI of lithium metal anodes. LiH is identified as a component of the SEI in high abundance, and the possibility of its misidentification as LiF in the literature is discussed. LiF in the SEI is found to have different structural features from LiF in the bulk phase, including a larger lattice parameter and a smaller grain size ( + transport and explain why an ionic insulator, like LiF, has been found to be a favoured component for the SEI. Finally, pair distribution function analysis reveals key amorphous components in the SEI.
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SEIs recovered from HCE have higher (LiF)sei and lower dead Li0 contents compared with their LCE counterparts.
“The relative contents of LiH, LiF and dead Li 0 in SEI are quantified, showing higher (LiF) sei and lower dead Li 0 contents in SEIs recovered from the HCE compared with their LCE counterparts.”
From Review on Low-Temperature Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion and Lithium Metal Batteries (2023) · cites this paper as [163]
PDF technique differentiated key amorphous components originating from solvent decomposition (no good components) or anion decomposition (good components), mostly SEI LiFsei.
“PDF technique differentiated key amorphous components originated from the decomposition of solvents (no good components) or anion (good components), mostly SEI LiF sei .”
From Review on Low-Temperature Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion and Lithium Metal Batteries (2023) · cites this paper as [163]
High abundance of LiH in the SEI was confirmed by XRD.
“High abundance of LiH was confirmed by XRD.”
From Review on Low-Temperature Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion and Lithium Metal Batteries (2023) · cites this paper as [163]
A new type of LiF, named SEI (LiF)sei, differs from bulk LiF by having a larger lattice parameter and smaller grain size (<3 nm), and is favored for Li+ transport.
“Differing from conventional bulk LiF, they discovered a new type of LiF differing from bulk LiF, and named it as SEI (LiF) sei , which has unique structural features including larger lattice parameter and smaller grain size (< 3 nm), and is favored for Li + transport.”
From Review on Low-Temperature Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion and Lithium Metal Batteries (2023) · cites this paper as [163]
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“…spectroscopy (XPS) [93], scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) [94], synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) and pair distribution function (PDF) [95], secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) [96], atomic force microscopy (AFM), reflection interference microscopy (RIM) [97], nuclear magnetic…”
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- Authors
- Shadike, Z., Lee, H., Borodin, O., Cao, X., Fan, X., Wang, X., Lin, R., Bak, S.-M., Ghose, S., Xu, K., Wang, C., Liu, J., Xiao, J., Yang, X.-Q., & Hu, E.
- Affiliations
- Brookhaven National Laboratory (US)
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (US)
- DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Corresponding author
- Xiao, Jie
- Yang, Xiao-Qing
- Hu, Enyuan
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Nanotechnology
- Published
- 2021-01-28
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 549-554
- ISSN
- 1748-3387 (ISSN-L)
- 1748-3395
- OpenAlex
- W3124559210
- Cited by
- 320
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 26
- FWCI
- 16.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nature Nanotechnology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- DOE | Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy | Vehicle Technologies Office (DE-SC0012704, DE-AC02-05CH11231)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advancements in Battery Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Advanced Battery Technologies Research
- Keywords
- solid electrolyte interphase, lithium metal anode, lithium hydride, lithium fluoride, SEI composition, Li+ transport, lattice parameters, grain size, Rietveld refinement, pair distribution function analysis
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