Atomic structure of sensitive battery materials and interfaces revealed by cryo–electron microscopy
Open accessAbstract
Frozen in time: The electrochemical processes occurring in a battery are highly dynamic. To understand the complexities of the charge and discharge cycles, you need to be able to watch the processes in situ or to freeze the battery rapidly for ex situ analysis. Li et al. applied cryo–electron microscopy techniques commonly used for studying biological samples to examine batteries. They identified the solid electrolyte interphase that forms, observed the interactions of Li with the interphase, and captured the formation of dendrites that can be detrimental to the lifetime of a battery. Science , this issue p. 506
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LiF lattice signature was not detected in the FEC-derived SEI.
“Strangely, the signature of Li fluoride (LiF) lattice was not detected, even though LiF is considered to be a primary reason for performance enhancement [162].”
From Review on Low-Temperature Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion and Lithium Metal Batteries (2023) · cites this paper as [165]
The SEI formed in standard electrolyte resembles the mosaic structure predicted by Peled et al., which describes the SEI as a heterogeneous distribution of inorganic and organic components.
“The SEI formed in this standard electrolyte resembles the mosaic structure predicted by Peled et al. [166], who described the SEI as a heterogeneous distribution of inorganic and organic components.”
From Review on Low-Temperature Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion and Lithium Metal Batteries (2023) · cites this paper as [165]
The SEI formed in the presence of FEC is more ordered and appears to have a multilayer structure, consistent with the multilayer system proposed by Aurbach et al.
“Instead of a random distribution of organic and inorganic components, the SEI formed in the presence of FEC is more ordered and appears to have a multilayer structure, consistent with the multilayer system proposed by Aurbach et al. [167].”
From Review on Low-Temperature Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion and Lithium Metal Batteries (2023) · cites this paper as [165]
The crystalline grains in the SEI are inorganic components identified as Li oxide and Li carbonate by matching their lattice spacings.
“These crystalline grains are the inorganic components of the SEI, identified to be Li oxide and Li carbonate by matching their lattice spacings.”
From Review on Low-Temperature Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion and Lithium Metal Batteries (2023) · cites this paper as [165]
A completely different SEI structure is formed in carbonate-based electrolyte with 10% FEC.
“They also observed a completely different SEI structure when it was formed in a carbonate-based electrolyte with 10% FEC.”
From Review on Low-Temperature Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion and Lithium Metal Batteries (2023) · cites this paper as [165]
The amorphous matrix in the SEI is likely the organic polymer formed by carbonate electrolyte decomposition.
“The amorphous matrix is likely the organic polymer formed by carbonate electrolyte decomposition.”
From Review on Low-Temperature Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion and Lithium Metal Batteries (2023) · cites this paper as [165]
The SEI contains small crystalline domains (diameter ~3 nm) dispersed randomly throughout an amorphous matrix that coats the Li metal.
“In the latter [165], the SEI was revealed to contain small crystalline domains (diameter ~ 3 nm) dispersed randomly throughout an amorphous matrix that coats the Li metal.”
From Review on Low-Temperature Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion and Lithium Metal Batteries (2023) · cites this paper as [165]
The inner layer of the FEC-derived SEI appears to be an amorphous polymer matrix, while the outer layer is large grains (~15 nm) of Li oxide with clear lattice fringes.
“The inner layer appears to be an amorphous polymer matrix, whereas the outer layer is determined to be large grains (~ 15 nm) of Li oxide with clear lattice fringes.”
From Review on Low-Temperature Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion and Lithium Metal Batteries (2023) · cites this paper as [165]
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Han, B., Zhang, Z., Zou, Y., Xu, K., Xu, G.-Y., Wang, H., Meng, H., Deng, Y., Li, J., & Gu, M. (2021) · Advances in Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202100404 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Zheng, X., Bommier, C., Luo, W., Jiang, L., Hao, Y.-N., & Huang, Y.-H. (2019) · Energy Storage Materials · doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2018.04.014 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Aligning academia and industry for unified battery performance metrics
Lin, Z., Liu, T.-F., Ai, X.-P., & Liang, C.-D. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07599-8 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Status and challenges facing representative anode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries
Zhang, L., Zhu, C., Yu, S., Ge, D., & Zhou, H. S. (2021) · Journal of Energy Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jechem.2021.08.001 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Hard carbons for sodium-ion batteries and beyond
Xie, F., Xu, Z., Guo, Z.-Y., & Titirici, M. (2020) · Progress in Energy · doi:10.1088/2516-1083/aba5f5 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
“Cui and co-workers [87] successfully employed cryo-EM to achieve high-resolution images of SEI in different kinds of electrolytes, which opened up the way for future work.”
MethodElectrospinning‐Based Strategies for Battery Materials
Li, X., Chen, W.-C., Qian, Q., Huang, H.-T., Chen, Y.-M., Wang, Z.-Q., Chen, Q.-H., Yang, J., Li, J., & Mai, Y.-W. (2020) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.202000845 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Zhang, W.-C., Lu, J., & Guo, Z.-P. (2021) · Materials Today · doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2021.03.015 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
High-Efficiency Lithium-Metal Anode Enabled by Liquefied Gas Electrolytes
Yang, Y., Davies, D. M., Yin, Y., Borodin, O., Lee, J. Z., Fang, C., Olguin, M., Zhang, Y., Sablina, E. S., Wang, X., et al. (2019) · Joule · doi:10.1016/j.joule.2019.06.008 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Stable, high-performance, dendrite-free, seawater-based aqueous batteries
Tian, H., Li, Z., Feng, G.-X., Yang, Z.-Z., Fox, D. W., Wang, M.-Y., Zhou, H., Zhai, L., Kushima, A., Du, Y.-G., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20334-6 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Origin of lithium whisker formation and growth under stress
He, Y., Ren, X.-D., Xu, Y.-B., Engelhard, M., Li, X., Xiao, J., Liu, J., Zhang, J.-G., Xu, W., & Wang, C.-M. (2019) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-019-0558-z · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Thenuwara, A. C., Shetty, P. P., Kondekar, N., Sandoval, S. E., Cavallaro, K., May, R., Yang, C.-T., Marbella, L. E., Qi, Y., & McDowell, M. T. (2020) · ACS Energy Letters · doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01209 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Xu, G.-L., Amine, R., Abouimrane, A., Che, H.-Y., Dahbi, M., Ma, Z.-F., Saadoune, I., Alami, J., Mattis, W. L., Pan, F., et al. (2018) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.201702403 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Progress and Perspective of Solid‐State Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Lei, D.-N., Shi, K., Ye, H., Wan, Z.-P., Wang, Y.-Y., Shen, L., Li, B.-H., Yang, Q.-H., Kang, F.-Y., & He, Y. (2018) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201707570 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
How to avoid dendrite formation in metal batteries: Innovative strategies for dendrite suppression
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Fast galvanic lithium corrosion involving a Kirkendall-type mechanism
Lin, D.-C., Liu, Y., Li, Y.-B., Li, Y.-Z., Pei, A., Xie, J., Huang, W., & Cui, Y. (2019) · Nature Chemistry · doi:10.1038/s41557-018-0203-8 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Self-citationHao, H.-C., Hutter, T., Boyce, B., Watt, J., Liu, P., & Mitlin, D. (2022) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00838 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
A review on the failure and regulation of solid electrolyte interphase in lithium batteries
Ding, J., Xu, R., Yan, C., Li, B.-Q., Yuan, H., & Huang, J.-Q. (2020) · Journal of Energy Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jechem.2020.11.016 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Bisalt ether electrolytes: a pathway towards lithium metal batteries with Ni-rich cathodes
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Molecular polaritons for controlling chemistry with quantum optics
Herrera, F., & Owrutsky, J. C. (2020) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.5136320 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
“[101] Yuzhang Li, Yanbin Li, Allen Pei, Kai Yan, Yongming Sun, Chun-Lan Wu, Lydia-Marie Joubert, Richard Chin, Ai Leen Koh, Yi Yu, John Perrino, Benjamin Butz, Steven Chu, and Yi Cui.”
BackgroundHe, H., Tong, H., Song, X.-Y., Song, X.-P., & Liu, J. (2020) · doi:10.1039/d0ta00748j · Cited by 255
Advanced Liquid Electrolytes for Rechargeable Li Metal Batteries
Jie, Y.-L., Ren, X.-D., Cao, R., Cai, W., & Jiao, S.-H. (2020) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201910777 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Surface engineering toward stable lithium metal anodes
Lu, G.-X., Nai, J., Luan, D.-Y., Tao, X., & Lou, X. (2023) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adf1550 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
“Specifically, Cui’s group (173) has pioneered to use the cryo-TEM to investigate the atomic structure of SEI films formed on the surface of Li metal in different electrolyte.”
Method
- Authors
- Li, Y., Li, Y., Pei, A., Yan, K., Sun, Y., Wu, C.-L., Joubert, L.-M., Chin, R., Koh, A. L., Yu, Y., Perrino, J., Butz, B., Chu, S., & Cui, Y.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- ShanghaiTech University (CN)
- University of Siegen (DE)
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (US)
- Corresponding author
- Li, Yuzhang
- Li, Yanbin
- Cui, Yi
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2017-10-27
- Volume
- 358
- Issue
- 6362
- Pages
- 506-510
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2765279177
- Cited by
- 1,547
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 173 · 2025: 184 · 2024: 166 · 2023: 207 · 2022: 182 · 2021: 206 · 2020: 209 · 2019: 135 · 2018: 83 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 48.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.osti.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advancements in Battery Materials
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Structural Biology › Advanced Electron Microscopy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- lithium dendrites, solid electrolyte interphase, lithium metal, carbonate electrolyte, atomic structure, crystal growth direction, beam-sensitive materials, cryo-electron microscopy
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