The DOI matches its Crossref record; 199 of the 201 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Hyperinsulinaemia in cancer
Abstract
Elevated circulating insulin levels are frequently observed in the setting of obesity and early type 2 diabetes, as a result of insensitivity of metabolic tissues to the effects of insulin. Higher levels of circulating insulin have been associated with increased cancer risk and progression in epidemiology studies. Elevated circulating insulin is believed to be a major factor linking obesity, diabetes and cancer. With the development of targeted cancer therapies, insulin signalling has emerged as a mechanism of therapeutic resistance. Although metabolic tissues become insensitive to insulin in the setting of obesity, a number of mechanisms allow cancer cells to maintain their ability to respond to insulin. Significant progress has been made in the past decade in understanding the insulin receptor and its signalling pathways in cancer, and a number of lessons have been learnt from therapeutic failures. These discoveries have led to numerous clinical trials that have aimed to reduce the levels of circulating insulin and to abrogate insulin signalling in cancer cells. With the rising prevalence of obesity and diabetes worldwide, and the realization that hyperinsulinaemia may contribute to therapeutic failures, it is essential to understand how insulin and insulin receptor signalling promote cancer progression.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Hyperinsulinaemia, however, can contribute to certain obesity complications or related diseases, including hormonal disorders related to sex hormones and cancer (ie, mitogenic effect of insulin).98,99”
From Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity (2025) · cites this paper as [99]
In the citing paper
“Obesity is associated with increased risk for 13 types of cancer that account for more than 40% of cancer diagnoses annually.99,133,134”
From Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity (2025) · cites this paper as [99]
Citations
Cites
5 retracted
Pearson‐Stuttard, J., Zhou, B., Kontis, V., Bentham, J., Gunter, M. J., & Ezzati, M. (2018) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(18)30150-5 · Cited by 308
RetractedPearson‐Stuttard, J., Zhou, B., Kontis, V., Bentham, J., Gunter, M. J., & Ezzati, M. (2017) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(17)30366-2 · Cited by 272
RetractedKarp, D. D., Paz-Ares, L. G., Novello, S., Haluska, P., Garland, L. L., Cardenal, F., Blakely, L. J., Eisenberg, P. D., Langer, C. J., Blumenschein, G. R., et al. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2008.19.9331 · Cited by 260
RetractedOverexpression of the Insulin Receptor Isoform A Promotes Endometrial Carcinoma Cell Growth
Wang, C., Zhang, G., Zhao, L., Qi, W., Li, X., Wang, J., & Wei, L. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069001 · Cited by 55
Retracted(2012) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2012.47.3447 · Cited by 10
RetractedAlberti, K. G. M. M., Eckel, R. H., Grundy, S. M., Zimmet, P. Z., Cleeman, J. I., Donato, K. A., Fruchart, J.-C., James, W. P. T., Loria, C. M., & Smith, S. C. (2009) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.192644 · Cited by 14,860
Role of Insulin Resistance in Human Disease
Reaven, G. M. (1988) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.37.12.1595 · Cited by 12,154
Use and Abuse of HOMA Modeling
Wallace, T. M., Levy, J. C., & Matthews, D. R. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.6.1487 · Cited by 5,114
Body Fatness and Cancer — Viewpoint of the IARC Working Group
Lauby-Secretan, B., Scoccianti, C., Loomis, D., Grosse, Y., Bianchini, F., & Straif, K. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsr1606602 · Cited by 3,596
The Effect of Diet on the Human Gut Microbiome: A Metagenomic Analysis in Humanized Gnotobiotic Mice
Turnbaugh, P. J., Ridaura, V. K., Faith, J. J., Rey, F. E., Knight, R., & Gordon, J. I. (2009) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3000322 · Cited by 3,058
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Agency, E. M. Assessment Report — Steglaro, Vol. 2020 (EMA, 2018).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity
Rubino, F., Cummings, D. E., Eckel, R. H., Cohen, R. V., Wilding, J. P. H., Brown, W. A., Stanford, F. C., Batterham, R. L., Farooqi, I. S., Farpour-Lambert, N. J., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(24)00316-4 · Cited by 1,811
Metabolomics in cancer research and emerging applications in clinical oncology
Schmidt, D. R., Patel, R., Kirsch, D. G., Lewis, C. A., Heiden, M. G. V., & Locasale, J. W. (2021) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.21670 · Cited by 675
Tumor initiation and early tumorigenesis: molecular mechanisms and interventional targets
Zhang, S., Xiao, X., Yi, Y., Wang, X., Zhu, L., Shen, Y., Lin, D., & Wu, C. H. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01848-7 · Cited by 463
Tumour fatty acid metabolism in the context of therapy resistance and obesity
Hoy, A. J., Nagarajan, S. R., & Butler, L. M. (2021) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41568-021-00388-4 · Cited by 415
Hyperinsulinemia in Obesity, Inflammation, and Cancer
Zhang, A. M. Y., Wellberg, E. A., Kopp, J. L., & Johnson, J. D. (2021) · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · doi:10.4093/dmj.2020.0250 · Cited by 344
Metadata
- Authors
- Gallagher, E. J., & LeRoith, D.
- Affiliations
- Tisch Cancer Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gallagher, Emily J.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Cancer
- Published
- 2020-09-09
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 629-644
- ISSN
- 1474-175X (ISSN-L)
- 1474-1768
- OpenAlex
- W3084040947
- Cited by
- 241
- References
- 201
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 2.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Cancer (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (K08CA190770)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Lipids, and Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
- Keywords
- hyperinsulinemia, insulin receptor signaling, insulin resistance, obesity, type 2 diabetes, tumor progression, cancer therapy resistance, insulin receptor, tumor growth
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Hyperinsulinism, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Neoplasms, Obesity, Receptor, Insulin, Signal Transduction, Antigens, CD, Comorbidity, Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
