Polyploidy in liver development, homeostasis and disease

In some tissues including liver, cells can enter S phase but not complete M phase, becoming polyploid.

“In some tissues, including the liver, cells can enter S phase to duplicate their genome, but do not complete M phase, thus becoming polyploid (4–6).”

During the first 3 weeks of life, the liver transitions from an immature to a mature state as hepatocytes exit the cell cycle, become polyploid, and organize within a zonated lobular structure.

“During this period, the liver transitions from an immature to a mature state as hepatocytes exit the cell cycle, become polyploid, and organize within a zonated lobular structure (Jungermann and Kietzmann 1996; Ben-Moshe and Itzkovitz 2019; Donne et al. 2020).”

Programmed cytokinesis failure drives hepatocyte binucleation and polyploidy.

“Because programmed cytokinesis failure drives hepatocyte binucleation and polyploidy (Donne et al. 2020), we reasoned that ESRP2-mediated post-transcriptional processing of one or more cytokinesis effector(s) might directly contribute to postnatal polyploidization of hepatocytes.”

During regeneration, the polyploid hepatocyte population shifts from predominantly cellular polyploid to nuclear polyploid.

“During regeneration, the polyploid hepatocyte population has been shown to shift from predominantly cellular polyploid to nuclear polyploid,31 possibly via pathological processes.”

During liver regeneration, hepatocyte polyploidization is one of the key cellular responses, especially in the context of hypertrophy.

“During liver regeneration, hepatocyte polyploidization represents one of the key cellular responses, especially in the context of hypertrophy.”

Polyploid hepatocytes containing 4n, 8n, or higher chromosomal content are frequently observed in morphological adaptation.

“Polyploid hepatocytes, containing 4n, 8n, or higher chromosomal content, are frequently observed in morphological adaptation.”