The DOI matches its Crossref record; 192 of the 195 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Faecal microbiota transplantation for Clostridioides difficile: mechanisms and pharmacology
Abstract
Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has emerged as a remarkably successful treatment for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection that cannot be cured with antibiotics alone. Understanding the complex biology and pathogenesis of C. difficile infection, which we discuss in this Perspective, is essential for understanding the potential mechanisms by which FMT cures this disease. Although FMT has already entered clinical practice, different microbiota-based products are currently in clinical trials and are vying for regulatory approval. However, all these therapeutics belong to an entirely new class of agents that require the development of a new branch of pharmacology. Characterization of microbiota therapeutics uses novel and rapidly evolving technologies and requires incorporation of microbial ecology concepts. Here, we consider FMT within a pharmacological framework, including its essential elements: formulation, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. From this viewpoint, multiple gaps in knowledge become apparent, identifying areas that require systematic research. This knowledge is needed to help clinical providers use microbiota therapeutics appropriately and to facilitate development of next-generation microbiota products with improved safety and efficacy. The discussion here is limited to FMT as a representative of microbiota therapeutics and recurrent C. difficile as the indication; however, consideration of the intrinsic basic principles is relevant to this entire class of microbiota-based therapeutics.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“However, FMT has undergone significant advancements over the years, evolving from a relatively crude procedure of transferring fresh donor stool to a mainstream treatment option.”
From Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [727]
In the citing paper
“This evolution is enabled by the development of standardized FMT products, with increased emphasis on their pharmaceutical formulation, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicity.727”
From Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [727]
Citations
Cites
Gut Microbiota from Twins Discordant for Obesity Modulate Metabolism in Mice
Ridaura, V. K., Faith, J. J., Rey, F. E., Cheng, J., Duncan, A. E., Kau, A. L., Griffin, N. W., Lombard, V., Henrissat, B., Bain, J. R., et al. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1241214 · Cited by 3,788
Duodenal Infusion of Donor Feces for Recurrent Clostridium difficile
van Nood, E., Vrieze, A., Nieuwdorp, M., Fuentes, S., Zoetendal, E. G., de Vos, W. M., Visser, C. E., Kuijper, E. J., Bartelsman, J. F. W. M., Tijssen, J. G. P., et al. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1205037 · Cited by 3,708
McDonald, L. C., Gerding, D. N., Johnson, S., Bakken, J. S., Carroll, K. C., Coffin, S. E., Dubberke, E. R., Garey, K. W., Gould, C. V., Kelly, C., et al. (2018) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cix1085 · Cited by 2,690
Bayesian community-wide culture-independent microbial source tracking
Knights, D., Kuczynski, J., Charlson, E. S., Zaneveld, J., Mozer, M. C., Collman, R. G., Bushman, F. D., Knight, R. D., & Kelley, S. T. (2011) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.1650 · Cited by 1,876
Precision microbiome reconstitution restores bile acid mediated resistance to Clostridium difficile
Buffie, C. G., Bucci, V., Stein, R. R., McKenney, P. T., Ling, L., Gobourne, A., No, D., Liu, H., Kinnebrew, M., Viale, A., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13828 · Cited by 1,872
RAPID METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF FAT IN FECES
Kamer, J. H. V. D., Huinink, H. T. B., & Weyers, H. A. (1949) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)57092-7 · Cited by 1,833
The Microbiome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Current Status and the Future Ahead
Kostic, A. D., Xavier, R. J., & Gevers, D. (2014) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2014.02.009 · Cited by 1,789
Zmora, N., Zilberman-Schapira, G., Suez, J., Mor, U., Dori-Bachash, M., Bashiardes, S., Kotler, E., Zur, M., Regev-Lehavi, D., Brik, R. B.-Z., et al. (2018) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.041 · Cited by 1,695
Fidaxomicin versus Vancomycin for Clostridium difficile Infection
Louie, T., Miller, M. A., Mullane, K. M., Weiss, K., Lentnek, A. L., Golan, Y., Gorbach, S. L., Sears, P. S., & Shue, Y. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0910812 · Cited by 1,610
The Application of Ecological Theory Toward an Understanding of the Human Microbiome
Costello, E. K., Stagaman, K., Dethlefsen, L., Bohannan, B. J. M., & Relman, D. A. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1224203 · Cited by 1,437
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Markey, L. et al. Pre-colonization with the commensal fungus Candida albicans reduces murine susceptibility to Clostridium difficile infection. Gut Microbes 9, 497–509 (2018).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases
Loh, J. S., Mak, W. Q., Tan, L. K. S., Ng, C. X., Chan, H. H., Yeow, S. H., Foo, J. B., Ong, Y. S., How, C. W., & Khaw, K. Y. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01743-1 · Cited by 1,193
Matson, V., Chervin, C. S., & Gajewski, T. F. (2021) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.11.041 · Cited by 385
Ma, Z., Zuo, T., Frey, N., & Rangrez, A. Y. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01946-6 · Cited by 322
Health Benefits of Prebiotics, Probiotics, Synbiotics, and Postbiotics
Al-Habsi, N. A., Al‐Khalili, M., Haque, S. A., Elias, M., Olqi, N. A., & Uraimi, T. A. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16223955 · Cited by 204
Gut microbiome in modulating immune checkpoint inhibitors
Li, X., Zhang, S., Guo, G., Han, J., & Yu, J. Q. (2022) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104163 · Cited by 177
Metadata
- Authors
- Khoruts, A., Staley, C., & Sadowsky, M. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Khoruts, Alexander
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
- Published
- 2020-08-25
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 67-80
- ISSN
- 1759-5045 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-5053
- OpenAlex
- W3080453277
- Cited by
- 155
- References
- 195
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 1.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- fecal microbiota transplantation, Clostridium difficile infection, recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, microbiota-based therapy
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Fecal Microbiota Transplantation, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Clostridium Infections, Feces, Humans, Recurrence, Clostridioides difficile, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
