The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Inflation of 430-parsec bipolar radio bubbles in the Galactic Centre by an energetic event
Open accessAbstract
The Galactic Centre contains a supermassive black hole with a mass of four million Suns 1 within an environment that differs markedly from that of the Galactic disk. Although the black hole is essentially quiescent in the broader context of active galactic nuclei, X-ray observations have provided evidence for energetic outbursts from its surroundings 2. Also, although the levels of star formation in the Galactic Centre have been approximately constant over the past few hundred million years, there is evidence of increased short-duration bursts 3, strongly influenced by the interaction of the black hole with the enhanced gas density present within the ring-like central molecular zone 4 at Galactic longitude |l| < 0.7 degrees and latitude |b| < 0.2 degrees. The inner 200-parsec region is characterized by large amounts of warm molecular gas 5, a high cosmic-ray ionization rate 6, unusual gas chemistry, enhanced synchrotron emission 7,8, and a multitude of radio-emitting magnetized filaments 9, the origin of which has not been established. Here we report radio imaging that reveals a bipolar bubble structure, with an overall span of 1 degree by 3 degrees (140 parsecs × 430 parsecs), extending above and below the Galactic plane and apparently associated with the Galactic Centre. The structure is edge-brightened and bounded, with symmetry implying creation by an energetic event in the Galactic Centre. We estimate the age of the bubbles to be a few million years, with a total energy of 7 × 10 52 ergs. We postulate that the progenitor event was a major contributor to the increased cosmic-ray density in the Galactic Centre, and is in turn the principal source of the relativistic particles required to power the synchrotron emission of the radio filaments within and in the vicinity of the bubble cavities.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This implies that a significant part of the CRelectrons must be accelerated in-situ , which further proposes that the radio loops possibly indicate the location of shocks expanding from the GC.”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Heywood et al. 2019
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Galactic Center massive black hole and nuclear star cluster
Genzel, R., Eisenhauer, F., & Gillessen, S. (2010) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.82.3121 · Cited by 1,236
wsclean: an implementation of a fast, generic wide-field imager for radio astronomy
Offringa, A. R., McKinley, B., Hurley-Walker, N., Briggs, F. H., Wayth, R. B., Kaplan, D. L., Bell, M. E., Feng, L., Neben, A. R., Hughes, J. D., et al. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1368 · Cited by 923
GIANT GAMMA-RAY BUBBLES FROM FERMI-LAT: ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS ACTIVITY OR BIPOLAR GALACTIC WIND?
Su, M., Slatyer, T., & Finkbeiner, D. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/724/2/1044 · Cited by 756
An Update on Monitoring Stellar Orbits in the Galactic Center
Gillessen, S., Plewa, P. M., Eisenhauer, F., Sari, R., Waisberg, I., Habibi, M., Pfuhl, O., George, E., Dexter, J., von Fellenberg, S. D., et al. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa5c41 · Cited by 584
An update on monitoring stellar orbits in the Galactic Center
Gillessen, S., Plewa, P. M., Eisenhauer, F., Sari, R., Waisberg, I., Habibi, M., Pfuhl, O., George, E. M., Dexter, J., Fellenberg, S., et al. (2017) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 423
Large, highly organized radio structures near the galactic centre
Yusef-Zadeh, F., Morris, M., & Chance, D. (1984) · Nature · doi:10.1038/310557a0 · Cited by 379
Self-citationAn optimized algorithm for multiscale wideband deconvolution of radio astronomical images
Offringa, A. R., & Smirnov, O. M. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1547 · Cited by 314
Self-citationIndriolo, N., Neufeld, D. A., Gérin, M., Schilke, P., Benz, A. O., Winkel, B., Menten, K. M., Chambers, E. T., Black, J. H., Bruderer, S., et al. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/800/1/40 · Cited by 263
The Macquarie/AAO/Strasbourg H Planetary Nebula Catalogue: MASH
Parker, Q. A., Acker, A., Frew, D. J., Hartley, M., Peyaud, A. E. J., Ochsenbein, F., Phillipps, S., Russeil, D., Beaulieu, S. F., Cohen, M., et al. (2006) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10950.x · Cited by 262
Fermi Bubbles: Giant, Multibillion-Year-Old Reservoirs of Galactic Center Cosmic Rays
Crocker, R. M., & Aharonian, F. (2011) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.106.101102 · Cited by 242
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cool outflows in galaxies and their implications
Veilleux, S., Maiolino, R., Bolatto, A. D., & Aalto, S. (2020) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-019-0121-9 · Cited by 516
Detection of large-scale X-ray bubbles in the Milky Way halo
Predehl, P., Sunyaev, R. A., Becker, W., Brunner, H., Burenin, R., Bykov, A., Cherepashchuk, A., Chugai, N., Churazov, E., Doroshenko, V., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2979-0 · Cited by 234
The 1.28 GHz MeerKAT Galactic Center Mosaic
Heywood, I., Rammala, I., Camilo, F., Cotton, W. D., Yusef-Zadeh, F., Abbott, T. D., Adam, R. M., Adams, G., Aldera, M. A., Asad, K. M. B., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac449a · Cited by 136
Self-citationImpact of Low-Energy Cosmic Rays on Star Formation
Padovani, M., Ivlev, A. V., Galli, D., Offner, S. S. R., Indriolo, N., Rodgers-Lee, D., Marcowith, A., Girichidis, P., Bykov, A. M., & Kruijssen, J. M. D. (2020) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-020-00654-1 · Cited by 132
Cosmic ray feedback in galaxies and galaxy clusters
Ruszkowski, M., & Pfrommer, C. (2023) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-023-00149-2 · Cited by 71
Metadata
- Authors
- Heywood, I., Camilo, F., Cotton, W. D., Yusef-Zadeh, F., Abbott, T. D., Adam, R. M., Aldera, M. A., Bauermeister, E. F., Booth, R. S., Botha, A. G., Botha, D. H., Brederode, L. R. S., Brits, Z. B., Buchner, S. J., Burger, J. P., Chalmers, J. M., Cheetham, T., de Villiers, D., Dikgale-Mahlakoana, M. A., du Toit, L. J., Esterhuyse, S. W. P., Fanaroff, B. L., Foley, A. R., Fourie, D. J., Gamatham, R. R. G., Goedhart, S., Gounden, S., Hlakola, M. J., Hoek, C. J., Hokwana, A., Horn, D. M., Horrell, J. M. G., Hugo, B., Isaacson, A. R., Jonas, J. L., Jordaan, J. D. B. L., Joubert, A. F., Józsa, G. I. G., Julie, R. P. M., Kapp, F. B., Kenyon, J. S., Kotzé, P. P. A., Kriel, H., Kusel, T. W., Lehmensiek, R., Liebenberg, D., Loots, A., Lord, R. T., Lunsky, B. M., Macfarlane, P. S., Magnus, L. G., Magozore, C. M., Mahgoub, O., Main, J. P. L., Malan, J. A., Malgas, R. D., Manley, J. R., Maree, M. D. J., Merry, B., Millenaar, R., Mnyandu, N., Moeng, I. P. T., Monama, T. E., Mphego, M. C., New, W. S., Ngcebetsha, B., Oozeer, N., Otto, A. J., Passmoor, S. S., Patel, A. A., Peens-Hough, A., Perkins, S. J., Ratcliffe, S. M., Renil, R., Rust, A., Salie, S., Schwardt, L. C., Serylak, M., Siebrits, R., Sirothia, S. K., Smirnov, O. M., Sofeya, L., Swart, P. S., Tasse, C., Taylor, D. T., Theron, I. P., Thorat, K., Tiplady, A. J., Tshongweni, S., van Balla, T. J., van der Byl, A., van der Merwe, C., van Dyk, C. L., Van Rooyen, R., Van Tonder, V., Van Wyk, R., Wallace, B. H., Welz, M. G., & Williams, L. P.
- Affiliations
- Rhodes University (ZA)
- South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (ZA)
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Chalmers University of Technology (SE)
- SKA Observatory (GB)
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- Cape Peninsula University of Technology (ZA)
- African Institute for Mathematical Sciences (ZA)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Heywood, I.
- Camilo, F.
- ORCID
- Heywood, I.
- Camilo, F.
- Cotton, W. D.
- Yusef-Zadeh, F.
- Abbott, T. D.
- Bauermeister, E. F.
- Buchner, S. J.
- Goedhart, S.
- Horn, D. M.
- Hugo, B.
- Isaacson, A. R.
- Jonas, J. L.
- Józsa, G. I. G.
- Kapp, F. B.
- Lehmensiek, R.
- Oozeer, N.
- Passmoor, S. S.
- Patel, A. A.
- Peens-Hough, A.
- Perkins, S. J.
- Schwardt, L. C.
- Serylak, M.
- Siebrits, R.
- Tasse, C.
- Theron, I. P.
- Thorat, K.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2019-09-11
- Volume
- 573
- Issue
- 7773
- Pages
- 235-237
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2972563556
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 7
- FWCI
- 11.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Keywords
- Galactic Center, supermassive black holes, Sgr A*, cosmic ray acceleration, synchrotron radiation, radio filaments, Central Molecular Zone, relativistic particles
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
