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A comprehensive quantification of global nitrous oxide sources and sinks
Open accessAbstract
Nitrous oxide (N 2 O), like carbon dioxide, is a long-lived greenhouse gas that accumulates in the atmosphere. Over the past 150 years, increasing atmospheric N 2 O concentrations have contributed to stratospheric ozone depletion 1 and climate change 2, with the current rate of increase estimated at 2 per cent per decade. Existing national inventories do not provide a full picture of N 2 O emissions, owing to their omission of natural sources and limitations in methodology for attributing anthropogenic sources. Here we present a global N 2 O inventory that incorporates both natural and anthropogenic sources and accounts for the interaction between nitrogen additions and the biochemical processes that control N 2 O emissions. We use bottom-up (inventory, statistical extrapolation of flux measurements, process-based land and ocean modelling) and top-down (atmospheric inversion) approaches to provide a comprehensive quantification of global N 2 O sources and sinks resulting from 21 natural and human sectors between 1980 and 2016. Global N 2 O emissions were 17.0 (minimum-maximum estimates: 12.2-23.5) teragrams of nitrogen per year (bottom-up) and 16.9 (15.9-17.7) teragrams of nitrogen per year (top-down) between 2007 and 2016. Global human-induced emissions, which are dominated by nitrogen additions to croplands, increased by 30% over the past four decades to 7.3 (4.2-11.4) teragrams of nitrogen per year. This increase was mainly responsible for the growth in the atmospheric burden. Our findings point to growing N 2 O emissions in emerging economies-particularly Brazil, China and India. Analysis of process-based model estimates reveals an emerging N 2 O-climate feedback resulting from interactions between nitrogen additions and climate change. The recent growth in N 2 O emissions exceeds some of the highest projected emission scenarios 3,4, underscoring the urgency to mitigate N 2 O emissions.
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“Regarding N2O, anthropogenic sources contributed 43% of the total N2O emission of about 7.3 Tg per year, 1–4% of which originated from medical sources.20,34”
From A call for immediate climate action in anesthesiology: routine use of minimal or metabolic fresh gas flow reduces our ecological footprint (2023) · cites this paper as [34]
In the citing paper
“In 2014, inhalational anesthetics accounted for worldwide emission of approximately 3 Mt CO2e.”
From A call for immediate climate action in anesthesiology: routine use of minimal or metabolic fresh gas flow reduces our ecological footprint (2023) · cites this paper as [34]
In the citing paper
“Agriculture is responsible for approximately 70% of global anthropogenic N 2 O emissions (Tian et al., 2020), largely due to the inefficient use of nitrogen fertilisers.”
From Carbon for soils, not soils for carbon (2023) · cites this paper as Tian et al., 2020
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Metadata
- Authors
- Tian, H., Xu, R., Canadell, J. G., Thompson, R. L., Winiwarter, W., Suntharalingam, P., Davidson, E. A., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Prather, M. J., Regnier, P., Pan, N., Pan, S., Peters, G. P., Shi, H., Tubiello, F. N., Zaehle, S., Zhou, F., Arneth, A., Battaglia, G., Berthet, S., Bopp, L., Bouwman, A. F., Buitenhuis, E. T., Chang, J., Chipperfield, M. P., Dangal, S. R. S., Dlugokencky, E., Elkins, J. W., Eyre, B. D., Fu, B., Hall, B., Ito, A., Joos, F., Krummel, P. B., Landolfi, A., Laruelle, G. G., Lauerwald, R., Li, W., Lienert, S., Maavara, T., MacLeod, M., Millet, D. B., Olin, S., Patra, P. K., Prinn, R. G., Raymond, P. A., Ruiz, D. J., van der Werf, G. R., Vuichard, N., Wang, J., Weiss, R. F., Wells, K. C., Wilson, C., Yang, J., & Yao, Y.
- Affiliations
- Auburn University (US)
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere (AU)
- NILU (NO)
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (AT)
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (BE)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- CICERO Center for International Climate Research (NO)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (IT)
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (DE)
- Peking University (CN)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (DE)
- University of Bern (CH)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Woodwell Climate Research Center (US)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (US)
- Southern Cross University (AU)
- National Institute for Environmental Studies (JP)
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (DE)
- Yale University (US)
- Scotland's Rural College (GB)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Lund University (SE)
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JP)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Ocean University of China (CN)
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography (US)
- Mississippi State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tian, Hanqin
- ORCID
- Tian, Hanqin
- Xu, Rongting
- Canadell, Josep G.
- Thompson, Rona L.
- Winiwarter, Wilfried
- Suntharalingam, Parvadha
- Davidson, Eric A.
- Ciais, Philippe
- Jackson, Robert B.
- Janssens-Maenhout, Greet
- Prather, Michael J.
- Regnier, Pierre
- Pan, Naiqing
- Pan, Shufen
- Peters, Glen P.
- Shi, Hao
- Tubiello, Francesco N.
- Zaehle, Sönke
- Zhou, Feng
- Arneth, Almut
- Battaglia, Gianna
- Berthet, Sarah
- Bopp, Laurent
- Buitenhuis, Erik T.
- Chang, Jinfeng
- Chipperfield, Martyn P.
- Dangal, Shree R. S.
- Dlugokencky, Edward
- Elkins, James W.
- Eyre, Bradley D.
- Fu, Bojie
- Hall, Bradley
- Ito, Akihiko
- Joos, Fortunat
- Krummel, Paul B.
- Landolfi, Angela
- Laruelle, Goulven G.
- Lauerwald, Ronny
- Li, Wei
- Lienert, Sebastian
- Maavara, Taylor
- MacLeod, Michael
- Millet, Dylan B.
- Olin, Stefan
- Patra, Prabir K.
- Prinn, Ronald G.
- Raymond, Peter A.
- Ruiz, Daniel J.
- van der Werf, Guido R.
- Vuichard, Nicolas
- Wang, Junjie
- Weiss, Ray F.
- Wells, Kelley C.
- Wilson, Chris
- Yang, Jia
- Yao, Yuanzhi
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2020-10-07
- Volume
- 586
- Issue
- 7828
- Pages
- 248-256
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W3092621662
- Cited by
- 1,959
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 300 · 2025: 404 · 2024: 414 · 2023: 321 · 2022: 320 · 2021: 178 · 2020: 18
- FWCI
- 77.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) (acceptedVersion)
- IIASA PURE (International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis) (submittedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion)
- Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Joint Research Centre (European Commission) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (NNX10AU06G, 1922687, 1903722, 1243232, NNX11AD47G)
- U.S. Department of Energy (DESC0012536)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX10AU06G, NNX14AO73G, NNX17AI74G, NNX14AO73G, NNX10AU06G, NNX11AD47G and NNX14AF93G, NNX16AC97G, NNX14AF93G, NNX16AC96G, NNX13AL12G, NNX11AD47G, NNX17AK18G, NNX16AC98G)
- Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division
- Scottish Government
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB‐754)
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (2016-2021, ANR-16-CONV-0003)
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (56910, 172476)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (2017YFA0604702, 41671464, 41961124006, 1903722)
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (016.160.324)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NA13OAR4310086, NA16NOS4780207, NA16NOS4780204)
- Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (821003, 647204, 820989, 776810, EC H2020, 641816, 2016-2021)
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine
- Natural Environment Research Council (NE/R016518/1, nceo020004)
- Australian Research Council (LP150100519, LP190100271)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (821003, 17H01867)
- Climate Program Office
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (B628407)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
- Keywords
- nitrous oxide, nitrous oxide emissions, greenhouse gas inventory, anthropogenic emissions, N2O sinks, temperature inversion, bottom-up estimation, emerging markets
- MeSH terms
- Agriculture, Atmosphere, Human Activities, Nitrogen, Nitrous Oxide, Crops, Agricultural, Internationality
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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