Changing views of nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soil: key controlling processes and assessment at different spatial scales.

Smith, K. A.

doi:10.1111/ejss.12409

Cited by 213Soil Carbon and Nitrogen DynamicsSoil and Water Nutrient DynamicsAtmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics

Changing views of nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soil: key controlling processes and assessment at different spatial scales.

Smith, K. A.·2017·European Journal of Soil Science

DOI 10.1111/ejss.12409

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Abstract

Nitrous oxide, N 2 O , is the third most important of the long‐lived greenhouse gases, in terms of its contribution to global warming, and is expected to be the dominant cause of stratospheric ozone depletion this century. The concentration of N 2 O in the atmosphere was fairly constant until the beginning of the industrial age, but has gone up by 20% since. This is because of increased anthropogenic emissions, of which about 60% come from agricultural soil. The cause is the increased use of synthetic fertilizer nitrogen globally to meet the demands for increased production of food and biofuels. This review examines the isotopic evidence for this role of fertilizer N , the main mechanisms for microbial production of N 2 O in soil, the key soil physical and other variables that greatly affect the magnitude of emissions, and the spatial and temporal variation in emissions and the associated problems of measurement. The review also considers the methodology devised by the Intergovernmental P anel on C limate C hange ( IPCC ) to enable countries to compile national inventories of their emissions, direct and indirect, that arise from anthropogenic activity related to agriculture and land use. This methodology also enables modellers to make ‘bottom‐up’ global estimates of N 2 O emissions. These estimates agree quite well at the global scale with ‘top‐down’ estimates based on the relation between reactive nitrogen newly introduced into agricultural ecosystems and increases in the global atmospheric concentration of N 2 O , but not with some recent regional‐scale emission measurements. The discrepancy may be related to problems of estimating indirect emissions. Top‐down estimates indicate that N 2 O emissions from crop‐based biofuels are too great to comply with national and international environmental regulations. Finally, possible future trends in emissions and possible mitigation measures are discussed. Highlights Evidence for increasing N 2 O in the atmosphere suggests it is caused by fertilizer N use. Agreements and inconsistencies in assessments of N 2 O emissions are considered. The main cause of increasing N 2 O is the use of synthetic N fertilizers on agricultural soil worldwide. Indirect emissions from waters receiving leached N may be a major cause of assessment uncertainties.

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Another major source of critical N losses in agriculture with negative impact on NUE and climate change is the emission of N2O.
“Another major source of critical N losses in agriculture with negative impact on NUE and climate change is the emission of N2O (Smith, 2017).”
From Potential of Wheat Straw, Spruce Sawdust, and Lignin as High Organic Carbon Soil Amendments to Improve Agricultural Nitrogen Retention Capacity: An Incubation Study (2018) · cites this paper as Smith, 2017

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“The same appears to be true for switchgrass (Panicum virgatum): this perennial can also mitigate the effects of annual crops on global warming, but at the N fertilizer rates needed to give optimum yields the benefit is reduced by half (Ruan et al., 2016).”
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Greenhouse gases emissions and global climate change: Examining the influence of CO2, CH4, and N2O
Filonchyk, M., Peterson, M. P., Zhang, L., Hurynovich, V., & He, Y. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173359 · Cited by 1,222 · see citing works
Soil salinity and its associated effects on soil microorganisms, greenhouse gas emissions, crop yield, biodiversity and desertification: A review
Haj-Amor, Z., Araya, T., Kim, D., Bouri, S., Lee, J., Ghiloufi, W., Yang, Y., Kang, H., Jhariya, M. K., Banerjee, A., et al. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156946 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Factors That Influence Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Agricultural Soils as Well as Their Representation in Simulation Models: A Review
Wang, C., Amon, B., Schulz, K., & Mehdi, B. (2021) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy11040770 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Agricultural non-CO2 emission reduction potential in the context of the 1.5 °C target
Frank, S., Havlík, P., Stehfest, E., van Meijl, H., Witzke, P., Pérez-Domínguez, I., van Dijk, M., Doelman, J. C., Fellmann, T., Koopman, J. F. L., et al. (2019) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0358-8 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Microplastic fibers affect dynamics and intensity of CO2 and N2O fluxes from soil differently
Rillig, M. C., Hoffmann, M., Lehmann, A., Liang, Y. J., Lück, M., & Augustin, J. (2021) · Microplastics and Nanoplastics · doi:10.1186/s43591-021-00004-0 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Quantifying nitrous oxide production rates from nitrification and denitrification under various moisture conditions in agricultural soils: Laboratory study and literature synthesis
Wang, H., Yan, Z., Ju, X., Song, X., Zhang, J., Li, S., & Zhu‐Barker, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.1110151 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Advancing agriculture through IoT, Big Data, and AI: A review of smart technologies enabling sustainability
Ahmed, N., & Shakoor, N. (2025) · Smart Agricultural Technology · doi:10.1016/j.atech.2025.100848 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Agriculture: Pathways to Sustainable Reductions
Li, L., Awada, T. N., Shi, Y., Jin, V. L., & Kaiser, M. (2024) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.70015 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Potential of Wheat Straw, Spruce Sawdust, and Lignin as High Organic Carbon Soil Amendments to Improve Agricultural Nitrogen Retention Capacity: An Incubation Study
Reichel, R., Wei, J., Islam, M. S., Schmid, C., Wissel, H., Schröder, P., Schloter, M., & Brüggemann, N. (2018) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.00900 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“Another major source of critical N losses in agriculture with negative impact on NUE and climate change is the emission of N2O (Smith, 2017).”
Background
The efficacy of 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate on N2O emissions is linked to niche differentiation of ammonia oxidizing archaea and bacteria across four arable soils
Fan, X., Yin, C., Chen, H., Ye, M., Zhao, Y., Li, T., Wakelin, S. A., & Liang, Y. (2018) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.11.027 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The role of soils in the disposition, sequestration and decontamination of environmental contaminants
Sarkar, B., Mukhopadhyay, R., Ramanayaka, S., Bolan, N. S., & Ok, Y. S. (2021) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2020.0177 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
The global potential for mitigating nitrous oxide emissions from croplands
Cui, X., Bo, Y., Adalibieke, W., Winiwarter, W., Zhang, X., Davidson, E. A., Sun, Z., Tian, H., Smith, P., & Zhou, F. (2024) · One Earth · doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2024.01.005 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Agricultural development addresses food loss and waste while reducing greenhouse gas emissions
Galford, G. L., Peña, O., Sullivan, A. K., Nash, J., Gurwick, N. P., Pirolli, G., Richards, M., White, J. M., & Wollenberg, E. K. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134318 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Responses of N2O production pathways and related functional microbes to temperature across greenhouse vegetable field soils
Duan, P., Song, Y., Li, S., & Xiong, Z. (2019) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.113904 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Modeling impacts of mulching and climate change on crop production and N2O emission in the Loess Plateau of China
Chen, H., Li, L., Luo, X., Li, Y., Liu, D. L., Zhao, Y., Feng, H., & Deng, J. J. (2019) · Agricultural and Forest Meteorology · doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.01.002 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Molecular and ecological perspectives of nitrous oxide producing microbial communities in agro-ecosystems
Kumar, A., Medhi, K., Fagodiya, R. K., Subrahmanyam, G., Mondal, R., Raja, P., Malyan, S. K., Gupta, D. K., Gupta, C. K., & Pathak, H. K. (2020) · Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology · doi:10.1007/s11157-020-09554-w · Cited by 76 · see citing works
A gap in nitrous oxide emission reporting complicates long-term climate mitigation
Grosso, S. J. D., Ogle, S. M., Nevison, C. D., Gurung, R., Parton, W. J., Wagner‐Riddle, C., Smith, W., Winiwarter, W., Grant, B. B., Tenuta, M., et al. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2200354119 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Mechanisms of mitigating nitrous oxide emissions from vegetable soil varied with manure, biochar and nitrification inhibitors
Duan, P., Zhang, Q., Zhang, X., & Xiong, Z. (2019) · Agricultural and Forest Meteorology · doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.107672 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Straw returning and one-time application of a mixture of controlled release and solid granular urea to reduce carbon footprint of plastic film mulching spring maize
Bai, J., Li, Y., Zhang, J., Xu, F., Bo, Q., Wang, Z., Li, Z., Li, S., Shen, Y., & Yue, S. (2020) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124478 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Intensive vegetable production results in high nitrate accumulation in deep soil profiles in China
Bai, X., Jiang, Y., Miao, H., Xue, S., Chen, Z., & Zhou, J. (2021) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117598 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Influence of variable biochar concentration on yield-scaled nitrous oxide emissions, Wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency
Dawar, K. M., Saif-ur-Rahman, Fahad, S., Alam, S. S., Khan, S. A., Dawar, A., Younis, U., Danish, S., Datta, R., & Dick, R. P. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-96309-4 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Soil N-oxide emissions decrease from intensive greenhouse vegetable fields by substituting synthetic N fertilizer with organic and bio-organic fertilizers
Geng, Y., Wang, J., Sun, Z., Ji, C., Huang, M., Zhang, Y., Xu, P., Li, S., Pawlett, M., & Zou, J. (2020) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114730 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Effect of long-term fertilization on greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprints in northwest China: A field scale investigation using wheat-maize-fallow rotation cycles
Saeed, Q., Zhang, A., Mustafa, A., Sun, B., Zhang, S., & Yang, X. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.130075 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Greenhouse gas fluxes (CO2, N2O and CH4) of pea and maize during two cropping seasons: Drivers, budgets, and emission factors for nitrous oxide
Maier, R., Hörtnagl, L. J., & Buchmann, N. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157541 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Optimal biochar amendment rate reduced the yield-scaled N2O emissions from Ultisols in an intensive vegetable field in South China
Li, B., Huang, W., Elsgaard, L., Yang, B., Li, Z., Yang, H., & Lü, Y. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138161 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Dose effect of polyethylene microplastics on nitrous oxide emissions from paddy soils cultivated for different periods
Yu, Y., Li, X., Fan, H., Li, Y., & Yao, H. (2023) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131445 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Soil pH and long-term fertilization affect gross N transformation and N2O production pathways in Chinese and UK croplands
Zhang, C., Ju, X., Zhang, J., Rees, R. M., & Müller, C. (2023) · Biology and Fertility of Soils · doi:10.1007/s00374-022-01695-0 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Deficit irrigation combined with reduced N-fertilizer rate can mitigate the high nitrous oxide emissions from Chinese drip-fertigated maize field
Ning, D., Qin, A., Duan, A., Xiao, J., Zhang, J., Liu, Z., Liu, Z., Zhao, B., & Liu, Z. (2019) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00803 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Assessing the impacts of diversified crop rotation systems on yields and nitrous oxide emissions in Canada using the DNDC model
Jiang, R., Yang, J. Y., Drury, C. F., He, W., Smith, W., Grant, B. B., He, P., & Zhou, W. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143433 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Biological nitrogen fixation and soil N2O emissions from legume residues in an Acrisol in SE Brazil
Sant’Anna, S. A. C., Martins, M. D. R., Goulart, J. M., de Araújo, S. N., Araújo, E. D. S., Zaman, M., Jantalia, C. P., Alves, B. J. R., Boddey, R. M., & Urquiaga, S. S. (2018) · Geoderma Regional · doi:10.1016/j.geodrs.2018.e00196 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Reactive nitrogen losses via denitrification assessed in saturated agricultural soils
Castaldelli, G., Colombani, N., Soana, E., Vincenzi, F., Fano, E. A., & Mastrocicco, M. (2018) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.09.018 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Evaluation of the effects of plastic mulching and nitrapyrin on nitrous oxide emissions and economic parameters in an arid agricultural field
Yu, Y., Jia, H., & Zhao, C. (2018) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.03.012 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Soil oxygen depletion and corresponding nitrous oxide production at hot moments in an agricultural soil
Song, X., Wei, H., Rees, R. M., & Ju, X. (2021) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118345 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Effect of soil tillage and N fertilization on N2O mitigation in maize in the Brazilian Cerrado
Campanha, M. M., de Oliveira, A. D., MARRIEL, I. E., Neto, M. M. G., Malaquias, J. V., Landau, E. C., Filho, M. R. D. A., Ribeiro, F. P., & de Carvalho, A. M. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.315 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Soil salinity changes the temperature sensitivity of soil carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions
Yu, Y., Li, X., Zhao, C., Zheng, N., Jia, H., & Yao, H. (2020) · CATENA · doi:10.1016/j.catena.2020.104912 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Direct N2O emissions from global tea plantations and mitigation potential by climate-smart practices
Wang, J., Smith, P., Hergoualc'h, K. A., & Zou, J. (2022) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106501 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Assessing the performance of three frequently used biogeochemical models when simulating N2O emissions from a range of soil types and fertiliser treatments
Zimmermann, J., Carolan, R., Forrestal, P. J., Harty, M. A., Lanigan, G. J., Richards, K. G., Roche, L., Whitfield, M., & Jones, M. (2018) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.06.004 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Environmental trade-offs of relay-cropping winter cover crops with soybean in a maize-soybean cropping system
Cecchin, A., Pourhashem, G., Gesch, R. W., Lenssen, A. W., Mohammed, Y. A., Patel, S., & Berti, M. T. (2021) · Agricultural Systems · doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103062 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Climate-smart agriculture: Insights and challenges
Lou, Y., Feng, L., Xing, W., Hu, N., Noellemeyer, E. J., Cadre, E. L., Minamikawa, K., Muchaonyerwa, P., AbdelRahman, M. A. E., Pinheiro, É. F. M., et al. (2024) · Climate smart agriculture. · doi:10.1016/j.csag.2024.100003 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Substrate-driven microbial response: A novel mechanism contributes significantly to temperature sensitivity of N2O emissions in upland arable soil
Song, A., Liang, Y., Zeng, X., Yin, H., Xu, D., Wang, B., Wen, S., Li, D., & Fan, F. (2017) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.11.021 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Effect of nitrogen fertilisers on nitrous oxide emission, nitrifier and denitrifier abundance and bacterial diversity in closed ecological systems
Castellano‐Hinojosa, A., Galeote, D. C., González-López, J., & Bedmar, E. J. (2019) · Applied Soil Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.103380 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The role of maize plants in regulating soil profile dynamics and surface emissions of nitrous oxide in a semiarid environment
Yao, P., Li, X., Liu, J., Shen, Y., Yue, S., & Li, S. (2017) · Biology and Fertility of Soils · doi:10.1007/s00374-017-1243-8 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
X‐ray computed tomography to predict soil N2O production via bacterial denitrification and N2O emission in contrasting bioenergy cropping systems
Kravchenko, A., Guber, A. K., Quigley, M., Koestel, J., Gandhi, H., & Ostrom, N. E. (2018) · GCB Bioenergy · doi:10.1111/gcbb.12552 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Sources and priming of nitrous oxide production across a range of moisture contents in a soil with high organic matter
Roman‐Perez, C. C., & Hernandez‐Ramirez, G. (2020) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.1002/jeq2.20172 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Characterizing the post-monsoon CO2, CH4, N2O, and H2O vapor fluxes from a tropical wetland in the Himalayan foothill
Raturi, A., Singh, H., Kumar, P., Chanda, A., & Shukla, N. (2022) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-021-09721-8 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Advances in understanding of air–sea exchange and cycling of greenhouse gases in the upper ocean
Bange, H. W., Mongwe, P., Shutler, J. D., Arévalo-Martínez, D. L., Bianchi, D., Lauvset, S. K., Liu, C., Löscher, C. R., Martins, H., Rosentreter, J. A., et al. (2024) · Elementa Science of the Anthropocene · doi:10.1525/elementa.2023.00044 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Greenhouse gas emissions from the energy crop oilseed rape (Brassica napus); the role of photosynthetically active radiation in diurnal N2O flux variation
Keane, B., Ineson, P., Vallack, H. W., Blei, E., Bentley, M. A., Howarth, S., McNamara, N. P., Rowe, R. L., Williams, M., & Toet, S. (2017) · GCB Bioenergy · doi:10.1111/gcbb.12491 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Evaluating the Potential of Legumes to Mitigate N 2 O Emissions From Permanent Grassland Using Process‐Based Models
Fuchs, K., Merbold, L., Buchmann, N., Bellocchi, G., Bindi, M., Brilli, L., Conant, R. T., Dorich, C. D., Ehrhardt, F., Fitton, N., et al. (2020) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2020gb006561 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
In‐situ biochar production associated with paddies: Direct involvement of farmers in greenhouse gases reduction policies besides increasing nutrients availability and rice production
Ghorbani, M., Amirahmadi, E., & Zamanian, K. (2021) · Land Degradation and Development · doi:10.1002/ldr.4006 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Biologically mediated release of endogenous N2O and NO2 gases in a hydrothermal, hypoxic subterranean environment
Martín-Pozas, T., Moral, S. S., Cuezva, S., Jurado, V., Sáiz‐Jiménez, C., Pérez‐López, R., Carrey, R., Otero, N., Giesemann, A., Well, R., et al. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141218 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Greenhouse gas emissions, nitrogen dynamics and barley productivity as impacted by biosolids applications
Roman‐Perez, C. C., Hernandez‐Ramirez, G., Kryzanowski, L., Puurveen, D., & Lohstraeter, G. (2021) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2021.107577 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Impact of biochar on soil characteristics and temporal greenhouse gas emissions: A field study from southern Canada
Mechler, M. A. A., Jiang, R. W., Silverthorn, T., & Oelbermann, M. (2018) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.08.019 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Gross N transformations vary with soil moisture and time following urea deposition to a pasture soil
Rex, D., Clough, T. J., Lanigan, G. J., Jansen‐Willems, A., Condron, L. M., Richards, K. G., & Müller, C. (2021) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114904 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Using isotope pool dilution to understand how organic carbon additions affect N 2 O consumption in diverse soils
Stuchiner, E. R., & von Fischer, J. C. (2022) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.16190 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Nitrogen fertilizers and the future of sustainable agriculture: a deep dive into production, pollution, and mitigation measures
Tufail, M. A., Ayyub, M., Tariq, L., Iltaf, J., Asbat, A., Bashir, I., & Umar, W. (2024) · Soil Science & Plant Nutrition · doi:10.1080/00380768.2024.2361068 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Effects of increasing organic nitrogen inputs on CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes in a temperate grassland
Chen, J., Zhang, Y., Yang, Y., Tao, T., Sun, X., & Guo, P. (2020) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115822 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Nitrifier denitrification can contribute to N2O emissions substantially in wet agricultural soil
He, X., Wang, H., Ju, X., Yan, Z., & Zhu‐Barker, X. (2025) · Biology and Fertility of Soils · doi:10.1007/s00374-025-01901-9 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Greater nitrous and nitric oxide emissions from the soil between rows than under the canopy in subtropical tea plantations
Han, Z., Wang, J., Xu, P., Sun, Z., Ji, C., Li, S., Wu, S., Liu, S., & Zou, J. (2021) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115105 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Modeling nitrous oxide emissions from three United Kingdom farms following application of farmyard manure and green compost
Shen, J., Treu, R., Wang, J., Thorman, R. E., Nicholson, F. A., & Bhogal, A. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.101 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Response of nitrous oxide emissions to individual rain events and future changes in precipitation
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Authors: Smith, K. A.
Affiliations: University of Edinburgh (GB)
Corresponding author: Smith, K. A.
Venue: European Journal of Soil Science
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2017-01-31
Volume: 68
Issue: 2
Pages: 137-155
ISSN: 1351-0754 (ISSN-L)
1365-2389
DOI: 10.1111/ejss.12409
OpenAlex: W2584884574
Cited by: 213
References: 106
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 5
FWCI: 18.30
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: European Journal of Soil Science (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Soil and Water Nutrient Dynamics
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
Keywords: nitrous oxide emissions, agricultural soils, synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, greenhouse gases, N2O isotopes, spatiotemporal variation, emission inventory, bottom-up emission estimation, top-down emission estimates, biofuels, indirect emissions, reactive nitrogen, emission reduction

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Changing views of nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soil: key controlling processes and assessment at different spatial scales.

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