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Cited by 825Genetic Associations and EpidemiologyGenetics and Physical PerformanceGenetic and phenotypic traits in livestock

A saturated map of common genetic variants associated with human height

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Yengo, Loïc, Vedantam, Sailaja, Marouli, Eirini, Sidorenko, Julia, Bartell, Eric, Sakaue, Saori, Graff, Marielisa, Eliasen, Anders U. +627 more·2022·Nature
DOI 10.1038/s41586-022-05275-yPMC PMC9605867
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Abstract

Common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are predicted to collectively explain 40–50% of phenotypic variation in human height, but identifying the specific variants and associated regions requires huge sample sizes 1 . Here, using data from a genome-wide association study of 5.4 million individuals of diverse ancestries, we show that 12,111 independent SNPs that are significantly associated with height account for nearly all of the common SNP-based heritability. These SNPs are clustered within 7,209 non-overlapping genomic segments with a mean size of around 90 kb, covering about 21% of the genome. The density of independent associations varies across the genome and the regions of increased density are enriched for biologically relevant genes. In out-of-sample estimation and prediction, the 12,111 SNPs (or all SNPs in the HapMap 3 panel 2 ) account for 40% (45%) of phenotypic variance in populations of European ancestry but only around 10–20% (14–24%) in populations of other ancestries. Effect sizes, associated regions and gene prioritization are similar across ancestries, indicating that reduced prediction accuracy is likely to be explained by linkage disequilibrium and differences in allele frequency within associated regions. Finally, we show that the relevant biological pathways are detectable with smaller sample sizes than are needed to implicate causal genes and variants. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive map of specific genomic regions that contain the vast majority of common height-associated variants. Although this map is saturated for populations of European ancestry, further research is needed to achieve equivalent saturation in other ancestries.

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  • The effective sample size for direct genetic effects is on the order of 10^4 to 10^5, an order of magnitude lower than the most powerful GWAS meta-analyses, which have sample sizes in the millions.

    “the effective sample size for DGEs (on the order of 104 to 105) remains an order of magnitude lower than for the most powerful GWAS meta-analyses, which have sample sizes in the millions17,45.”

    From Family-GWAS reveals effects of environment and mating on genetic associations (2024) · cites this paper as [45]

    The ‘GWAS discoveries, sample size and ancestry diversity’ section reports height GWAS sample sizes up to about 5.3 million, supporting the comparison to GWAS meta-analyses with millions of participants. It does not report an effective sample size of 10^4–10^5 for direct genetic effects, so it does not establish the claimed gap. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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References 68 · Cited by 825

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Authors
Yengo, L., Vedantam, S., Marouli, E., Sidorenko, J., Bartell, E., Sakaue, S., Graff, M., Eliasen, A. U., Jiang, Y., Raghavan, S., Miao, J., Arias, J. D., Graham, S. E., Mukamel, R. E., Spracklen, C. N., Yin, X., Chen, S.-H., Ferreira, T., Highland, H. H., Ji, Y., Karaderi, T., Lin, K., Lüll, K., Malden, D. E., Medina-Gomez, C., Machado, M., Moore, A., Rüeger, S., Sim, X., Vrieze, S., Ahluwalia, T. S., Akiyama, M., Allison, M. A., Alvarez, M., Andersen, M. K., Ani, A., Appadurai, V., Arbeeva, L., Bhaskar, S., Bielak, L. F., Bollepalli, S., Bonnycastle, L. L., Bork-Jensen, J., Bradfield, J. P., Bradford, Y., Braund, P. S., Brody, J. A., Burgdorf, K. S., Cade, B. E., Cai, H., Cai, Q., Campbell, A., Cañadas-Garre, M., Catamo, E., Chai, J.-F., Chai, X., Chang, L.-C., Chang, Y.-C., Chen, C.-H., Chesi, A., Choi, S. H., Chung, R.-H., Cocca, M., Concas, M. P., Couture, C., Cuellar-Partida, G., Danning, R., Daw, E. W., Degenhard, F., Delgado, G. E., Delitala, A., Demirkan, A., Deng, X., Devineni, P., Dietl, A., Dimitriou, M., Dimitrov, L., Dorajoo, R., Ekici, A. B., Engmann, J. E., Fairhurst-Hunter, Z., Farmaki, A.-E., Faul, J. D., Fernandez-Lopez, J.-C., Forer, L., Francescatto, M., Freitag-Wolf, S., Fuchsberger, C., Galesloot, T. E., Gao, Y., Gao, Z., Geller, F., Giannakopoulou, O., Giulianini, F., Gjesing, A. P., Goel, A., Gordon, S. D., Gorski, M., Grove, J., Guo, X., Gustafsson, S., Haessler, J., Hansen, T. F., Havulinna, A. S., Haworth, S. J., He, J., Heard-Costa, N., Hebbar, P., Hindy, G., Ho, Y.-L. A., Hofer, E., Holliday, E., Horn, K., Hornsby, W. E., Hottenga, J.-J., Huang, H., Huang, J., Huerta-Chagoya, A., Huffman, J. E., Hung, Y.-J., Huo, S., Hwang, M. Y., Iha, H., Ikeda, D. D., Isono, M., Jackson, A. U., Jäger, S., Jansen, I. E., Johansson, I., Jonas, J. B., Jonsson, A., Jørgensen, T., Kalafati, I.-P., Kanai, M., Kanoni, S., Kårhus, L. L., Kasturiratne, A., Katsuya, T., Kawaguchi, T., Kember, R. L., Kentistou, K. A., Kim, H.-N., Kim, Y. J., Kleber, M. E., Knol, M. J., Kurbasic, A., Lauzon, M., Le, P., Lea, R., Lee, J.-Y., Leonard, H. L., Li, S. A., Li, X., Li, X., Liang, J., Lin, H., Lin, S.-Y., Liu, J., Liu, X., Lo, K. S., Long, J., Lores-Motta, L., Luan, J., Lyssenko, V., Lyytikäinen, L.-P., Mahajan, A., Mamakou, V., Mangino, M., Manichaikul, A., Marten, J., Mattheisen, M., Mavarani, L., McDaid, A. F., Meidtner, K., Melendez, T. L., Mercader, J. M., Milaneschi, Y., Miller, J. E., Millwood, I. Y., Mishra, P. P., Mitchell, R. E., Møllehave, L. T., Morgan, A., Mucha, S., Munz, M., Nakatochi, M., Nelson, C. P., Nethander, M., Nho, C. W., Nielsen, A. A., Nolte, I. M., Nongmaithem, S. S., Noordam, R., Ntalla, I., Nutile, T., Pandit, A., Christofidou, P., Pärna, K., Pauper, M., Petersen, E. R. B., Petersen, L. V., Pitkänen, N., Polašek, O., Poveda, A., Preuss, M. H., Pyarajan, S., Raffield, L. M., Rakugi, H., Ramirez, J., Rasheed, A., Raven, D., Rayner, N. W., Riveros, C., Rohde, R., Ruggiero, D., Ruotsalainen, S. E., Ryan, K. A., Sabater-Lleal, M., Saxena, R., Scholz, M., Sendamarai, A., Shen, B., Shi, J., Shin, J. H., Sidore, C., Sitlani, C. M., Slieker, R. C., Smit, R. A. J., Smith, A. V., Smith, J. A., Smyth, L. J., Southam, L., Steinthorsdottir, V., Sun, L., Takeuchi, F., Tallapragada, D. S. P., Taylor, K. D., Tayo, B. O., Tcheandjieu, C., Terzikhan, N., Tesolin, P., Teumer, A., Theusch, E., Thompson, D. J., Thorleifsson, G., Timmers, P. R. H. J., Trompet, S., Turman, C., Vaccargiu, S., van der Laan, S. W., van der Most, P. J., van Klinken, J. B., van Setten, J., Verma, S. S., Verweij, N., Veturi, Y., Wang, C. A., Wang, C., Wang, L., Wang, Z., Warren, H. R., Bin Wei, W., Wickremasinghe, A. R., Wielscher, M., Wiggins, K. L., Winsvold, B. S., Wong, A., Wu, Y., Wuttke, M., Xia, R., Xie, T., Yamamoto, K., Yang, J., Yao, J., Young, H., Yousri, N. A., Yu, L., Zeng, L., Zhang, W., Zhang, X., Zhao, J.-H., Zhao, W., Zhou, W., Zimmermann, M. E., Zoledziewska, M., Adair, L. S., Adams, H. H. H., Aguilar-Salinas, C. A., Al-Mulla, F., Arnett, D. K., Asselbergs, F. W., Åsvold, B. O., Attia, J., Banas, B., Bandinelli, S., Bennett, D. A., Bergler, T., Bharadwaj, D., Biino, G., Bisgaard, H., Boerwinkle, E., Böger, C. A., Bønnelykke, K., Boomsma, D. I., Børglum, A. D., Borja, J. B., Bouchard, C., Bowden, D. W., Brandslund, I., Brumpton, B., Buring, J. E., Caulfield, M. J., Chambers, J. C., Chandak, G. R., Chanock, S. J., Chaturvedi, N., Chen, Y.-D. I., Chen, Z., Cheng, C.-Y., Christophersen, I. E., Ciullo, M., Cole, J. W., Collins, F. S., Cooper, R. S., Cruz, M., Cucca, F., Cupples, L. A., Cutler, M. J., Damrauer, S. M., Dantoft, T. M., de Borst, G. J., de Groot, L. C. P. G. M., De Jager, P. L., de Kleijn, D. P. V., Janaka de Silva, H., Dedoussis, G. V., den Hollander, A. I., Du, S., Easton, D. F., Elders, P. J. M., Eliassen, A. H., Ellinor, P. T., Elmståhl, S., Erdmann, J., Evans, M. K., Fatkin, D., Feenstra, B., Feitosa, M. F., Ferrucci, L., Ford, I., Fornage, M., Franke, A., Franks, P. W., Freedman, B. I., Gasparini, P., Gieger, C., Girotto, G., Goddard, M. E., Golightly, Y. M., Gonzalez-Villalpando, C., Gordon-Larsen, P., Grallert, H., Grant, S. F. A., Grarup, N., Griffiths, L., Gudnason, V., Haiman, C., Hakonarson, H., Hansen, T., Hartman, C. A., Hattersley, A. T., Hayward, C., Heckbert, S. R., Heng, C.-K., Hengstenberg, C., Hewitt, A. W., Hishigaki, H., Hoyng, C. B., Huang, P. L., Huang, W., Hunt, S. C., Hveem, K., Hyppönen, E., Iacono, W. G., Ichihara, S., Ikram, M. A., Isasi, C. R., Jackson, R. D., Jarvelin, M.-R., Jin, Z.-B., Jöckel, K.-H., Joshi, P. K., Jousilahti, P., Jukema, J. W., Kähönen, M., Kamatani, Y., Kang, K. D., Kaprio, J., Kardia, S. L. R., Karpe, F., Kato, N., Kee, F., Kessler, T., Khera, A. V., Khor, C. C., Kiemeney, L. A. L. M., Kim, B.-J., Kim, E. K., Kim, H.-L., Kirchhof, P., Kivimaki, M., Koh, W.-P., Koistinen, H. A., Kolovou, G. D., Kooner, J. S., Kooperberg, C., Köttgen, A., Kovacs, P., Kraaijeveld, A., Kraft, P., Krauss, R. M., Kumari, M., Kutalik, Z., Laakso, M., Lange, L. A., Langenberg, C., Launer, L. J., Le Marchand, L., Lee, H., Lee, N. R., Lehtimäki, T., Li, H., Li, L., Lieb, W., Lin, X., Lind, L., Linneberg, A., Liu, C.-T., Liu, J., Loeffler, M., London, B., Lubitz, S. A., Lye, S. J., Mackey, D. A., Mägi, R., Magnusson, P. K. E., Marcus, G. M., Vidal, P. M., Martin, N. G., März, W., Matsuda, F., McGarrah, R. W., McGue, M., McKnight, A. J., Medland, S. E., Mellström, D., Metspalu, A., Mitchell, B. D., Mitchell, P., Mook-Kanamori, D. O., Morris, A. D., Mucci, L. A., Munroe, P. B., Nalls, M. A., Nazarian, S., Nelson, A. E., Neville, M. J., Newton-Cheh, C., Nielsen, C. S., Nöthen, M. M., Ohlsson, C., Oldehinkel, A. J., Orozco, L., Pahkala, K., Pajukanta, P., Palmer, C. N. A., Parra, E. J., Pattaro, C., Pedersen, O., Pennell, C. E., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Perusse, L., Peters, A., Peyser, P. A., Porteous, D. J., Posthuma, D., Power, C., Pramstaller, P. P., Province, M. A., Qi, Q., Qu, J., Rader, D. J., Raitakari, O. T., Ralhan, S., Rallidis, L. S., Rao, D. C., Redline, S., Reilly, D. F., Reiner, A. P., Rhee, S. Y., Ridker, P. M., Rienstra, M., Ripatti, S., Ritchie, M. D., Roden, D. M., Rosendaal, F. R., Rotter, J. I., Rudan, I., Rutters, F., Sabanayagam, C., Saleheen, D., Salomaa, V., Samani, N. J., Sanghera, D. K., Sattar, N., Schmidt, B., Schmidt, H., Schmidt, R., Schulze, M. B., Schunkert, H., Scott, L. J., Scott, R. J., Sever, P., Shiroma, E. J., Shoemaker, M. B., Shu, X.-O., Simonsick, E. M., Sims, M., Singh, J. R., Singleton, A. B., Sinner, M. F., Smith, J. G., Snieder, H., Spector, T. D., Stampfer, M. J., Stark, K. J., Strachan, D. P., ‘t Hart, L. M., Tabara, Y., Tang, H., Tardif, J.-C., Thanaraj, T. A., Timpson, N. J., Tönjes, A., Tremblay, A., Tuomi, T., Tuomilehto, J., Tusié-Luna, M.-T., Uitterlinden, A. G., van Dam, R. M., van der Harst, P., Van der Velde, N., van Duijn, C. M., van Schoor, N. M., Vitart, V., Völker, U., Vollenweider, P., Völzke, H., Wacher-Rodarte, N. H., Walker, M., Wang, Y. X., Wareham, N. J., Watanabe, R. M., Watkins, H., Weir, D. R., Werge, T. M., Widen, E., Wilkens, L. R., Willemsen, G., Willett, W. C., Wilson, J. F., Wong, T.-Y., Woo, J.-T., Wright, A. F., Wu, J.-Y., Xu, H., Yajnik, C. S., Yokota, M., Yuan, J.-M., Zeggini, E., Zemel, B. S., Zheng, W., Zhu, X., Zmuda, J. M., Zonderman, A. B., Zwart, J.-A., 23andMe Research Team, Partida, G. C., Program, V. M. V., Sun, Y., Initiative), D. (. A. M. C. H., eMERGE (Electronic Medical Records and Genomics Network), Croteau-Chonka, D., Study, L. C., Vonk, J. M., The PRACTICAL Consortium, Chanock, S., Le Marchand, L., Understanding Society Scientific Group, Chasman, D. I., Cho, Y. S., Heid, I. M., McCarthy, M. I., Ng, M. C. Y., O’Donnell, C. J., Rivadeneira, F., Thorsteinsdottir, U., Sun, Y. V., Tai, E. S., Boehnke, M., Deloukas, P., Justice, A. E., Lindgren, C. M., Loos, R. J. F., Mohlke, K. L., North, K. E., Stefansson, K., Walters, R. G., Winkler, T. W., Young, K. L., Loh, P.-R., Yang, J., Esko, T., Assimes, T. L., Auton, A., Abecasis, G. R., Willer, C. J., Locke, A. E., Berndt, S. I., Lettre, G., Frayling, T. M., Okada, Y., Wood, A. R., Visscher, P. M., & Hirschhorn, J. N.
Affiliations
  • The University of Queensland (AU)
  • Broad Institute (US)
  • Queen Mary University of London (GB)
  • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
  • University of Copenhagen (DK)
  • 23andMe (United States) (US)
  • VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System (US)
  • Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (US)
  • University of Michigan (US)
  • Wake Forest University Health Sciences (US)
  • University of Oxford (GB)
  • University of Exeter (GB)
  • University of Tartu (EE)
  • RTI International (US)
  • SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (CH)
  • National University of Singapore (SG)
  • University of Minnesota (US)
  • Kyushu University (JP)
  • University of California San Diego (US)
  • University of California, Los Angeles (US)
  • Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • Mental Health Services (DK)
  • Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (IN)
  • University of Helsinki (FI)
  • National Institutes of Health (US)
  • Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
  • University of Pennsylvania (US)
  • University of Leicester (GB)
  • University of Washington (US)
  • Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
  • Vanderbilt University Medical Center (US)
  • Institute of Genetics and Cancer (GB)
  • IRCCS Materno Infantile Burlo Garofolo (IT)
  • Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica (TW)
  • National Taiwan University (TW)
  • National Health Research Institutes (TW)
  • Université Laval (CA)
  • Washington University in St. Louis (US)
  • Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
  • Heidelberg University (DE)
  • University of Sassari (IT)
  • Boston University (US)
  • VA Boston Healthcare System (US)
  • University Hospital Regensburg (DE)
  • Harokopio University of Athens (GR)
  • Agency for Science, Technology and Research (SG)
  • Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
  • University College London (GB)
  • Innsbruck Medical University (AT)
  • University of Trieste (IT)
  • Eurac Research (IT)
  • Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
  • University of Mississippi (US)
  • Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (CN)
  • Statens Serum Institut (DK)
  • Centre for Human Genetics (GB)
  • QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (AU)
  • University of Regensburg (DE)
  • Aarhus University (DK)
  • The Lundquist Institute (US)
  • Uppsala University (SE)
  • Fred Hutch Cancer Center (US)
  • University of Bristol (GB)
  • Dasman Diabetes Institute (KW)
  • Medical University of Graz (AT)
  • University of Newcastle Australia (AU)
  • Leipzig University (DE)
  • Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
  • Harvard University (US)
  • Peking University (CN)
  • Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan Branch (TW)
  • Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (CN)
  • Korea National Institute of Health (KR)
  • Otsuka (Japan) (JP)
  • National Center for Global Health and Medicine (JP)
  • German Center for Diabetes Research (DE)
  • Amsterdam Neuroscience (NL)
  • Umeå University (SE)
  • Beijing Tongren Hospital (CN)
  • Copenhagen University Hospital (DK)
  • University of Kelaniya (LK)
  • The University of Osaka (JP)
  • Kyoto University (JP)
  • The Queen's Medical Research Institute (GB)
  • Ewha Womans University (KR)
  • Erasmus MC (NL)
  • Lund University (SE)
  • University of Toronto (CA)
  • St. Cloud State University (US)
  • Case Western Reserve University (US)
  • University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
  • Taichung Veterans General Hospital (TW)
  • Montreal Heart Institute (CA)
  • University of Cambridge (GB)
  • Tampere University (FI)
  • National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
  • King's College London (GB)
  • University of Virginia (US)
  • Western General Hospital (GB)
  • Dalhousie University (CA)
  • Institut für Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie (DE)
  • Geisinger Medical Center (US)
  • German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DE)
  • Nagoya University (JP)
  • University of Gothenburg (SE)
  • Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KR)
  • Lillebaelt Hospital (DK)
  • University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
  • Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
  • Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IT)
  • Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
  • Sygehus Sønderjylland (DK)
  • University of Turku (FI)
  • Algebra Bernays University (HR)
  • Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
  • Center for Non-Communicable Diseases (PK)
  • Hunter Medical Research Institute (AU)
  • Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (IT)
  • University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
  • National Institute on Aging (US)
  • Hallym University (KR)
  • Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IT)
  • Queen's University Belfast (GB)
  • Wellcome Sanger Institute (GB)
  • Loyola University Chicago (US)
  • VA Palo Alto Health Care System (US)
  • Universitätsmedizin Greifswald (DE)
  • University of California, San Francisco (US)
  • MRC Centre for Environment and Health (GB)
  • Oslo University Hospital (NO)
  • MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing (GB)
  • University of Freiburg (DE)
  • The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
  • Kurume University (JP)
  • Rush University Medical Center (US)
  • Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar (QA)
  • Deutsches Herzzentrum München (DE)
  • Ealing Hospital (GB)
  • Adolfo Ibáñez University (CL)
  • Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (MX)
  • University of Kentucky (US)
  • Utrecht University (NL)
  • Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
  • Jawaharlal Nehru University (IN)
  • Istituto di Genetica Molecolare (IT)
  • University of San Carlos (PH)
  • Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
  • University of Southern Denmark (DK)
  • Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (GB)
  • JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (IN)
  • Singapore National Eye Center (SG)
  • Mexican Social Security Institute (MX)
  • Intermountain Healthcare (US)
  • Philadelphia VA Medical Center (US)
  • Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
  • Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute (AU)
  • University of Glasgow (GB)
  • Wake Forest University (US)
  • Helmholtz Munich (DE)
  • The University of Melbourne (AU)
  • Queensland University of Technology (AU)
  • University of Iceland (IS)
  • University of Southern California (US)
  • Medical University of Vienna (AT)
  • Lions Eye Institute (AU)
  • Chinese National Human Genome Center (CN)
  • University of Utah (US)
  • University of South Australia (AU)
  • Jichi Medical University (JP)
  • Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
  • The Ohio State University (US)
  • Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (FI)
  • RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (JP)
  • The Catholic University of Korea Incheon St. Mary's Hospital (KR)
  • Churchill Hospital (GB)
  • Yonsei University (KR)
  • University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
  • Metropolitan Hospital (GR)
  • University Hospital Leipzig (DE)
  • University of Eastern Finland (FI)
  • University of Colorado Denver (US)
  • University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics (US)
  • Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute (CA)
  • Karolinska Institutet (SE)
  • Duke University (US)
  • The University of Sydney (AU)
  • University of Edinburgh (GB)
  • University of Bonn (DE)
  • Sahlgrenska University Hospital (SE)
  • National Institute of Genomic Medicine (MX)
  • University of Dundee (GB)
  • Great Ormond Street Hospital (GB)
  • Wenzhou Medical University (CN)
  • Dayanand Medical College & Hospital (IN)
  • Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States) (US)
  • Kyung Hee University (KR)
  • Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
  • University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (US)
  • University of Potsdam (DE)
  • Imperial College London (GB)
  • Central University of Punjab (IN)
  • LMU Klinikum (DE)
  • University of London (GB)
  • Stanford Medicine (US)
  • Newcastle University (GB)
  • University of Hawaii Cancer Center (US)
  • China Medical University (TW)
  • University of Pittsburgh (US)
Corresponding author
  • Yengo, Loïc
  • Okada, Yukinori
  • Wood, Andrew R.
  • Visscher, Peter M.
  • Hirschhorn, Joel N.
ORCID
Venue
Nature
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2022-10-12
Volume
610
Issue
7933
Pages
704-712
ISSN
  • 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
  • 1476-4687
DOI
10.1038/s41586-022-05275-y
PMC
PMC9605867
OpenAlex
W4304698823
Cited by
825
References
68
Citations by year
2026: 175 · 2025: 250 · 2024: 236 · 2023: 146 · 2022: 17
FWCI
99.48
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nature (publishedVersion, cc-by)
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  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
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  • Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
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  • University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
  • Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
  • St George's Online Research Archive (St George's University of London) (acceptedVersion)
  • Open Access at Essex (University of Essex) (acceptedVersion)
  • Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • IRIS (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • ArTS Archivio della ricerca di Trieste (University of Trieste https://www.units.it/) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Digital Commons-TMC (Texas Medical Center) (submittedVersion)
  • Digital Commons@Becker (Washington University School of Medicine) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Civil War Book Review (submittedVersion)
  • UniSA Research Outputs Repository (University of South Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
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  • EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
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  • KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Uppsala University Publications (Uppsala University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) (submittedVersion)
  • Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
  • UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
  • University of Regensburg Publication Server (University of Regensburg) (submittedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
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  • Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • UnissResearch (Università degli Studi di Sassari) (submittedVersion)
  • Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • publish.UP (University of Potsdam) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
  • mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion)
  • NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Site cant be reached (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
  • Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Tampere University Institutional Repository (Tampere University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Open Research (University of Surrey) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
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  • STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) (submittedVersion)
  • Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation (33CS30-139468, CREST, 33CS30-148401, 33CSCO-122661)
  • Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (2017SHZDZX01)
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
  • American Diabetes Association (1-19-ICTS-068, M01 RR07122)
  • U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (IK2-CX001780, IK2-CX001907, I01-BX004821)
  • Cancer Research Institute
  • March of Dimes Foundation
  • Breast Cancer Research Foundation (PSRSIIRI-701, W81XWH-10-1-0341, GPH-129344)
  • Oak Foundation (PSR-SIIRI-701, GPH-129344, W81XWH-10-1-0341)
  • Ovarian Cancer Research Fund (W81XWH-10-1-0341, PSRSIIRI-701, GPH-129344)
  • Amgen
  • Bristol-Myers Squibb (2001 D 032)
  • Eli Lilly and Company (2017SHZDZX01)
  • Pfizer
  • AstraZeneca
  • Bayer
  • GlaxoSmithKline (33CSCO-122661, 33CS30-148401, 33CS30-139468)
  • Sanofi
  • Atlantic Philanthropies (ES/L008459/1)
  • Massachusetts General Hospital
  • Boettcher Foundation
  • Gilead Sciences
  • Alexion Pharmaceuticals
  • Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
  • University of Pennsylvania
  • Stanley Medical Research Institute
  • Velux Stiftung
  • Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute
  • School of Medicine, Boston University
  • Strategiske Forskningsråd (0603–00280B)
  • Hjerteforeningen
  • Foundation for Cardiovascular Research
  • Chiesi Farmaceutici
  • Danone
  • Stiftelsen Kristian Gerhard Jebsen (2014-2020)
  • Helsingin Yliopisto (115974)
  • University of Notre Dame
  • Takeda Pharmaceutical Company (2017SHZDZX01)
  • Helsingin ja Uudenmaan Sairaanhoitopiiri
  • Sundhed og Sygdom, Det Frie Forskningsråd (PSRSIIRI-701, 0603-00280B, GPH-129344, W81XWH-10-1-0341)
  • Rush University
  • National Cancer Research Institute
  • Movember Foundation (D2013-36)
  • Genome Canada (GPH #129344, 12505)
  • Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet
  • Queen Mary University of London
  • Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (ek0109283, CREST, 21gm4010006h0002, JPMJMS2021, 22ek0410075h0003, ek0109070, kk0205008, JPMJMS2024, ek0109348, JP22km0405211, 16H06277, ek0109196, JP22ek0109594, JP22km0405217)
  • Pancreatic Cancer UK
  • Regeneron Pharmaceuticals
  • Yrjö Jahnssonin Säätiö
  • Finska Läkaresällskapet
  • Wellcome Trust (203141/Z/16/Z, 212946/Z/18/Z, 10182, 212945/Z/18/Z, 91846303, 2016YFC 0900500, 0900504, 217065/Z/19/Z, 216767/Z/19/Z, CEX2018-000806-S, 0900501, 104036/Z/14/Z, 202802/Z/16/Z, 221854/Z/20/Z, 201543/B/16/Z, 068545, 212904/Z/18/Z, 079895, 090532, 1303904, ­076113/B/04/Z, 090532/Z/09/Z, 076113)
  • Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung
  • United Kingdom Clinical Research Collaboration
  • Scottish Government (CZB/4/710, CZD/16/6)
  • National Center for Global Health and Medicine
  • Swedish Cancer Foundation (PSRSIIRI-701, W81XWH-10-1-0341, GPH-129344)
  • University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
  • NorthShore University HealthSystem
  • Broad Institute
  • European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (CEX2018-000806-S)
  • Government of the United Kingdom
  • McGovern Medical School
  • Australian Government
  • Quest Diagnostics
  • Fondation du cancer du sein du Québec (PSR-SIIRI-701, GPH-129344, W81XWH-10-1-0341)
  • Department for the Economy (15/IA/3152)
  • MyoKardia
  • Janssen Scientific Affairs
  • Translational Genomics Research Institute
  • Jawaharlal Nehru University
  • Cotswold Foundation
  • Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen (SDCC 3.A Complications)
  • Amsterdam University Medical Centers (10-000-1002)
  • Kompetenznetz Vorhofflimmern
  • Government of Canada (GPH-129344, W81XWH-10-1-0341, 148401, PSR-SIIRI-701)
  • Prostate Cancer Canada
  • Cancer Research UK (29017, 29186)
  • National Institute for Health and Care Research (W81XWH-10-1-0341, PSR-SIIRI-701, CEX2018-000806-S, NF-SI-0611-10170, WO 2016012783, GPH-129344, 16/136/68, CL-2021-25-004)
  • British Heart Foundation (CH/1996001/9454, SP/19/2/344612, RG17/1/32663, 91846303, SBF006\1134)
  • Scottish Funding Council (HR03006)
  • Diabetes UK (SBF006\1134)
  • Imperial College London
  • University College London
  • European Commission (KK.01.1.1.01.0010, PSRSIIRI-701, GPH-129344, 2014‐2020, W81XWH-10-1-0341, 2020 ‘, KK.01.2.2.03.0006, CEX2018-000806-S, 115974, KK.01.1.1.01)
  • European Science Foundation (EuroSTRESS pro-ject FP-006, FP-006)
  • Rosetrees Trust (209933838)
  • Queen's University Belfast
  • University of Bristol (ICS110.1/RF97.71, CEX2018-000806-S)
  • Prostate Cancer Foundation of Australia
  • Raine Medical Research Foundation
  • Women and Infants Research Foundation (MOP-82893)
  • Hunter Medical Research Institute
  • Cancer Australia
  • National Research Foundation (370062002)
  • Agency for Science, Technology and Research (08/1/35/19/550)
  • National University of Singapore (PSRSIIRI-701, GPH-129344, W81XWH-10-1-0341)
  • National Research Foundation Singapore (370062002)
  • Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India (BSC0122)
  • Centre for Ageing Research and Development in Ireland
  • Science Foundation Ireland (15/IA/3152, 2014-2020, 15/IA/)
  • Public Health Agency (STL/5569/19)
  • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (TO 718/2-1, SFB 1052, 209933838, JO-170/8-1, SI 236/8–1, 236/8-1, HE 3690/7-1, SFB-1350, KO 3598/5-1, 387509280, SPP1629, 431984000, ER 155/6-1;6-2, BR 6028/2-1, HO 3314/2-1, BO 3815/4-1, ER 155/6-1, EI 969/2-3, SFB1453, SPP 1629 TO 718/2-1, INST 58219/32-1, HO 3314/2-1;2-2;2-3;4-3, 82DZD00302, PE 2309/2-1, KN885/3-1, 3690/7-1, SI 236/8-1;9-1;10-1)
  • Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (22H00476, JPMJMS2024, ek0109283, ek0109348, JPMJMS2021, ek0109070, 24390169, LS056, 16H06277, ek0109196, 15K19242, CREST, kk0205008, 16H05250)
  • Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (148401, 122661, 33CS30_177 535, 33CSCO, 129344, 431984000, 33CS30-177535/1, 33CS30, 139468, 150352, 115974)
  • Universiteit Leiden (050-060-810, 10‐000‐1002)
  • Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (10‐000‐1002)
  • Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (PAH/6635)
  • Stiftelsen för Strategisk Forskning (IRC15-0067)
  • Danmarks Grundforskningsfond (grant99)
  • Curtin University of Technology
  • Edith Cowan University (MOP-82893)
  • Murdoch University (MOP-82893)
  • University of Notre Dame Australia (MOP-82893)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (2016YFC0900500, XDB38000000, 91846303, KK.01.2.2.03.0006, 1303904, 0900501, 81970684, 2017SHZDZX01, KK.01.1.1.01.0010, 0900504)
  • ZonMw (95103007)
  • Universiteit van Amsterdam
  • Universiteit Utrecht
  • Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
  • National Science Council (98-2314-B-075A-002-MY3, NSC 98-2314-B-075A-002-MY3)
  • Academia Sinica
  • Eesti Teadusagentuur (PRG1291, PUT PRG687, 2014-2020, PRG687, 2014-2020.4.01.15-0012, PUT1371)
  • Kela (X51001)
  • Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (DZD grant 82DZD00302, 82DZD00302, W81XWH-10-1-0341, 01 EA 9401, PSRSIIRI-701, GPH-129344)
  • Austrian Science Fund (HE 3690/7-1, BR 6028/2-1, P20545, P 13180)
  • Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
  • Capital Medical University (91846303)
  • Generalitat de Catalunya (2009SGR1489, CEX2018-000806-S)
  • Daiichi-Sankyo
  • Nierstichting (E.013, grant E.013)
  • Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport (050-060-810)
  • Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung
  • Universität Wien
  • Suomen Kulttuurirahasto
  • Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (G068412N, GOA/15/017, W81XWH-10-1-0341, PSR-SIIRI-701, G083013N, GPH-129344)
  • Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (M9303)
  • Ministero della Salute (RC 01/21, ICS 110.1/RF97.71, C92F17003560001, D70-RESRICGIROTTO)
  • Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (184021007, 10-000-1002, 050.060.810, 184.033.111, 014-93-015, 940-38-011, 14192, 184.021.007 and 184.033.111, 480-15-001)
  • Nederlandse Zuivel Organisatie
  • Accare
  • Queen's University
  • Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca (CEX2018-000806-S, 2014-2020, ARS01_01270, D70-RESRICGIROTTO, 5571/DSPAR/2002)
  • Huazhong University of Science and Technology
  • Lundbeckfonden (CEX2018-000806-S, 0603-00280B, R155-2014-1724, 903516, R16‐A1694, R302-2018-2155, R204-2015-4129, R341-2020-222, R248‐2017‐2003, R155-2013-14070, R24-2008-3243, 7-11-0213, R380-2021-1465, R364-2021-85)
  • National Research Foundation of Korea (JPMJMS2021, 2020R1A2C1012931, JP22ek0410075, 2020R1I1A2075302, JPMJMS2024, NRF‐2020R1A2C1012931, 22H00476)
  • Hjärt-Lungfonden (20190526)
  • Regione Campania
  • Juho Vainion Säätiö
  • KU Leuven (GOA/15/017)
  • Karolinska Institutet (GPH-129344, PSRSIIRI-701, W81XWH-10-1-0341)
  • Oesterreichische Nationalbank (P15435)
  • Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse
  • Fondation ARC pour la Recherche sur le Cancer
  • Novo Nordisk
  • Tongji University
  • Signe ja Ane Gyllenbergin Säätiö
  • Stockholms Läns Landsting (560283)
  • Fondation de France (PSRSIIRI-701, GPH-129344, W81XWH-10-1-0341)
  • Helse Midt-Norge
  • Office of the First Minister and Deputy First Minister
  • Emil Aaltosen Säätiö (X51001)
  • Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (2014-2020, CEX2018-000806-S, PI15/)
  • Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social
  • Astellas Pharma
  • Augustinus Fonden (IRC15-0067)
  • Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum
  • Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen
  • Region Hovedstaden (0603-00280B, R16-A1694, 903516)
  • Universitätsklinikum Regensburg
  • Fundación IMSS
  • Norges Forskningsråd (287086, PSR-SIIRI-701, W81XWH-10-1-0341, GPH-129344)
  • Sydäntutkimussäätiö (X51001)
  • Lastentautien Tutkimussäätiö
  • Medizinische Universität Wien
  • Helsefonden (2012B233, R155-2013-14070, 7-11-0213)
  • Deutsche Herzstiftung
  • Deutsche Krebshilfe (70–2488-Ha I, 70-2488-Ha, W81XWH-10-1-0341, GPH-129344, 431984000, PSRSIIRI-701)
  • Center for Translational Molecular Medicine
  • Department of Health, Government of Western Australia (G06302)
  • Oulun Yliopisto (24000692, 24301140)
  • Institut National Du Cancer (GPH-129344, W81XWH-10-1-0341, PSRSIIRI-701)
  • Université de Lausanne
  • Ministeriet Sundhed Forebyggelse (903516)
  • National Institute of Biomedical Innovation
  • Otsuka Pharmaceutical
  • Medical Research Council Canada
  • TrygFonden (7‐11‐0213, R155-2013-14070)
  • Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail (PSRSIIRI-701, W81XWH-10-1-0341, GPH-129344)
  • Diabetesliitto
  • Paavo Nurmen Säätiö
  • Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz
  • Safe Work Australia
  • Oogfonds
  • Novo Nordisk Fonden (7-11-0213, NNF14OC0010513, STL/5569/19, NNF19OC0055250, NNF18OC0033898, NNF20OC0059313, NNF13OC0005785, R155-2013-14070, 15/IA/3152, IRC15-0067)
  • Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology
  • Alexandria University
  • Egmont Fonden
  • Taichung Veterans General Hospital (TCVGH-1003001C)
  • Medizinische Universität Graz
  • Landelijke Stichting voor Blinden en Slechtzienden
  • Stichting Blindenhulp
  • Tays (X51001, 24301140, 9M048, 24000692, 9N035)
  • Government of Western Australia
  • Skånes universitetssjukhus (IRC15-0067, 2019-0526)
  • Servier (2017SHZDZX01)
  • National University Health System (PSRSIIRI-701, W81XWH-10-1-0341, GPH-129344)
  • Turun Yliopistollinen Keskussairaala (9N035, X51001, 9M048)
  • Vlaamse regering
  • Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation
  • Fondation Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal
  • Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal
  • Hjartavernd
  • H. Lundbeck A/S (2017SHZDZX01)
  • Diabetestutkimussäätiö (15/IA/3152, STL/5569/19)
  • Business Finland (3986/31/2013)
  • Xarxa de Bancs de Tumors de Catalunya
  • Freistaat Sachsen (209933838)
  • Provincia autonoma di Bolzano - Alto Adige
  • National Institute for Nutrition and Health
  • KfH-Stiftung Präventivmedizin (115974)
  • Ministerie van Economische Zaken, Landbouw en Innovatie (project KB-15-004-003, KB-15-004-003)
  • Vincent Fairfax Family Foundation
  • MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health
  • Heinz Nixdorf Stiftung (SI 236/8-1, ER 155/6-1)
  • Diabetesforeningen
  • Fundación Marqués de Valdecilla (API10/09, 10/09)
  • Avera Institute for Human Genetics
  • Alliance de recherche numérique du Canada
  • Ministry of Cultural Affairs
  • Turun Yliopistosäätiö
  • National Institutes of Health (n01hc95164-17-0-1, n01hc085082-026, n01hc085081-021, n01hc65235-13-0-1, n01hc085079-024, UL1TR001420, 5kl2rr024990-05, 1r01hl120393-01a1, n01hc085083-027, n01hc95165-34-0-1, n01hc65234-5-0-0, 5r01ca049449-18, n01hc085080-026, n01hc95161-24-0-1, n01hc095169-003, 184.021.007, n01hg065403-000, 5u01hg004423-02, n01hc65237-14-0-1, HHSN268201100004C, 2017SHZDZX01, W81XWH-10-1-0341, n01hc95166-21-0-1, PSR-SIIRI-701, n01hc085086-022, 5k01hl135405-04, n01hc95162-31-0-1, n01hc65236-16-0-1, 12505, n01hc95168-27-0-1, n01hc95160-18-0-1, 1s10od017985-01, n01hc095167-000, 4845-301, n01hc65233-9-0-0, 5r37hl045508-17, HHSN268201100001C, 75N92021D00005, W81XWH, GPH-129344, HHSN268201100002C, 75N92021D00003, 5u01hl054472-10, UL1TR001079, n01hc25195-41-0-1, n01hc95163-22-0-1, 5p20rr020649-03, R01D0042157-01A1, KL2TR002490, n01hc55222-0-0-0, n02hl64278-6-0-0, 5r01hl043851-10, n01hc95159-40-0-1, UL1TR000445, UL1TR000040, HHSN268201100003C, 1dp2es030554-01, 1r01mh081802-01, UL1TR000077, 5u01ns069208-04, 75N92021D00004, RR07122, Z01-AG000513, Z01-CP010119, UL1TR002243, UL1TR001878, UL1TR001881)
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U01DP006266, DP006266, U01 DP003206 and U01 DP006266, CEX2018-000806-S, S1734, S3486)
  • Genentech (2017SHZDZX01)
  • Samsung
  • Weill Cornell Medical College
  • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
  • Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
  • University of California, San Francisco (GPH-129344, PSRSIIRI-701, W81XWH-10-1-0341)
  • Wake Forest School of Medicine (M01 RR07122)
  • Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute
  • Abbott Diagnostics
  • Chief Scientist Office, Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorate (CZB/4/276, CZB/4/710, HR03006, CZD/16/6)
  • Forsknings- og Innovationsstyrelsen
  • Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Helsingin Yliopisto
  • Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar
  • Canadian Institutes of Health Research (156248, 2017SHZDZX01, 14840_1, PSR-SIIRI-701, PRG1291, MOP82893, CEX2018-000806-S, GPH #129344, grant GPH-129344, W81XWH-10-1-0341)
  • Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute (702108)
  • Medical Research Council (MR/S019669/1, MC_PC_14135, MC_UU_00019/1, 15/IA/3152, MC_UU_00017/1, MR/M016560/1, MC_PC_13046, MR/R024227/1, PSRSIIRI-701, ICS110.1/RF97.71, 91846303, W81XWH-10-1-0341, CEX2018-000806-S, STL/5569/19, MC_UU_12015/1, MC_PC_20026, MC_UU_00011/1, MC_UU_00007/10, MC_PC_13049, PRG687, GPH-129344)
  • Economic and Social Research Council (ES/M001660/1, ES/S007253/1, CEX2018-000806-S, ES/T002611/1, ES/L008459/1, ES/H029745/1, ES/T014083/1)
  • National Health and Medical Research Council
  • Cancer Council Victoria (PSR-SIIRI-701, GPH-129344, W81XWH-10-1-0341)
  • Cancer Council Queensland
  • Cancer Council Tasmania
  • National Medical Research Council (09/1/35/19/616, 1176/2008, 1270/2010, CIRG/1417/2015, 1149/2008, NMRC/StaR /0028/2017, (#CG/SERI/2010, 08/1/35/19/550, 1249/2010, 0796/2003, CIRG/1371/2013)
  • Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (21H03206, 287086, 15K19242, LS056, 58219, 20K10514, 83028, 16H05250, JPMJMS2024, 19K19434, JPMJMS2021, CREST, 24390169, ARS01_01270, 21H04850, 16H06277, 22H00476, 24014)
  • Danish Agency for Science and Higher Education
  • Korea National Institute of Health (4851-307, 4851-302, 4845-301)
  • Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI11/01889, PI11/, grants PI08/1770, CEX2018-000806-S, - PI08/1770, CP17/00142, PI12/00715, PI12/01270, PI12/00265., PI11/01889-FEDER, PI09/00773, RD09/0076/00036, PI15/00069, PI09/00773-Cantabria)
  • Wageningen University and Research
  • Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry
  • Departament d'Universitats, Recerca i Societat de la Informació
  • European Regional Development Fund (KK.01.2.2.03.0006, 2014-2020’, 209933838, -KK.01.1.1.01, KK.01.1, PI12/00715, 2014-2020.4.01.15-0012, PI08/1770, .01.1.1.01.0010, KK.01.2.2.03, PI15/00069, PI11/01889, KK.01.1.1.01.0010, .01.2.2.03.0006, 15-0012, PI12/01270, PI12/00265, PRG1291)
  • Health and Social Care Research and Development Division (STL/5569/19)
  • National Key Research and Development Program of China (0900501, 0900504, 2016YFC0900500, 0900500, 91846303, JPMJMS2021, 2017SHZDZX01, 1303904, 2016YFC)
  • China-Japan Friendship Hospital
  • Biomedical Research Council (08/1/35/19/550, 0796/2003, CG/SERI/2010, 09/1/35/19/616)
  • Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
  • Helmholtz Zentrum München
  • School of Public Health, Imperial College London
  • Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney
  • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA009367, R01AA009367, K02AA018755, AA-10248, AA-09203, AA12502, AA00145, K05AA000145, AA 15416, R37AA009367, R01AA013321, AA13320, AA13321, R01AA012502, AA-014041, R01AA013326, AA13326, R01AA009203, R01AA013320, R37AA012502, R01AA014041, R01AA015416, R01AA007535)
  • National Institute on Aging (N01‐AG‐6–2101, N.1‐AG‐1‐2111, R01AG017917, P30 AG72975, P30-AG 10161, R01AG030146, RF1 AG15819, HHSN-271-2011-00004C,, R01 AG30146, R01AG028050, R01AG065357, R01‐AG17917, U01AG023755, N01-AG12100, R01AG034454, ICS 110.1/RF97.71, N.1-AG-1-1, U01AG046152, U01AG023712, R01AG056477, RC2AG036495, R01AG015819, P30AG010161, U01AG61256, RC4AG039029, U01AG023744, AG000513, U01AG023746, N01AG62106, R01AG023629, RF1AG015819, U01‐AG46152, N01-AG-62103, U19AG063893, U01AG009740, K07AG061256, P30AG072975, U01AG023749)
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL088457, N01HC65235, R01HL080467, HHSN268201700004I, HL 046389, U01HL054512, N01 HC085086, 1RO1HL092577, 75N 92021D00006, N01 HC-95159, HL-54509, R03HL154284, N01-HC-95160, R01HL113338, (N01-HC-65237, N01-HC095169, U19HL065962, N01‐HC‐65234, HL043851, 75N92020D00001, N01 HC-95168, N01 HC065235, N01-HC-095165, HL-54471, K25HL150334, 75N92020D00006, HL 54496, HHSN268201800004I, HL 54472, HL54495, HL085144, U01HL054527, R01HL085251, HL-54515, R01HL111249, R01HL024799, U01-HL054472, N01 HC95167, N01 HC085079, (N01-HC-95163, N01 HC095163, HHSN2682011-00001I, R01‐HL043851, HHSN268201800012C, R01-HL120393, N01 HC085083, HL129982, HHSN2682011-00002I, HHSN268201800010 I, R01HL086718, N01-HC65236, N01‐HC25195, N01 HC065237, K01-HL135405, 75N92020D00007, N01‐HC65233, HL-54473, HHSN268201500001I, HHSN268201800014 I, N01 HC-95161, U10HL054509, P01HL060030, N01 HC95165, N01HC95164, U01HL054495, R01HL067974, N01 HC065234, HL113338, N01 HC085080, R01HL087652, R01HL103612, HHSN 268200800007C, HHSN268201200008I, R35HL135818, R01HL149683, HHSN268201800001C, R01HL046380, N02 HL064278, HHSN268201500001C, R01HL087660, U10HL054473, U01HL054496, U10HL054471, HHSN268201800012 I, U01HL130114, 75N92020D00002, K08HL135275, N01-HC-095159, R01-HL-60030, R37-HL045508, N01 HC095168, N02- HL-64278, R01HL151152, HHSN268201800005I, HHSN268201700001I, N01-HC-095162, U01HL054471, R01HL119443, HHSN2682011‐00004I, HHSN268201200008C, R01HL108427, N01-HC-095161, 75N92020D00005, HHSN268201800014C, HHSN268201700005C, HHSN268201700003I, HHSN268201500003C, HHSN26820150 0003I, 75N92020D00003, N01-HC-025195, R35HL135824, N01 HC065236, R01HL087641, HHSN268201200036C, HHSN268201100046C, U10HL054495, R01HL095056, HHSN268201700005I, N01 HC095167, HHSN268201800015I, N01HC085082, U01 HL54498, R01HL105756, HHSN268201700001C, R01HL053353, U01HL080295, HL080467, N01 HC065233, N01-HC-095160, HHSN268201800006I, N01 HC055222, N01 HC095166, R01 HL09135701, U01HL054457, N01 HC095164, U01HL054509, R01-HL-55005, N01‐HC‐95166, HHSN2682011-00003I, R01HL091357, HHSN268201700002I, 75N92021D00002, HHSN268201800011C, HHSN268201800011I, R01HL085144, HHSN268201700003C, N01 HC085081, U01 HL54527, R01HL077398, U01HL054473, HHSN268201700002C, R01HL074166, U01HL054464, R01HL104135, 75N92021D00001, N01 HC-95162, U10HL054515, R01HL117078, HHSN268201800007I, K24HL105780, U01HL054498, U10HL054472, HHSN268201800003I, R01HL24799, R01 HL77398, HHSN268201700004C, 75N92020D00004, U01HL054481, R01HL092577, R01HL157635, T32HL007055, T32HL129982, R01HL142302, R01HL086694, R01HL153805, U10HL054496, R01HL139731, N01 HC95169)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (RO1 MH58799-03, MH-081802, RC2MH089995, R01MH058799, U24MH068457, RC2MH089951, R01 MH081802)
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (R56DA012854, R01DA037904, DA005147, R01DA044283, DA 036216, DA12854, DA044283, DA037904, R01DA005147, HHSN271201200022C, DA042755, R01DA036216, R37DA005147, R01DA012854, R01DA042755)
  • National Human Genome Research Institute (X01HG007492, U01-HG004423, U01HG006379, K08HG010155, U01HG008680, Z01HG000024, 1X01HG006934-01, U01HG008657, U01HG007416, U01HG008666, R01HG003054, U01HG008679, U01HG004402, U01HG008701, HG011052, R01HG010297, U01HG004446, N01 HG065403, U01HG004438, U01HG004436, U01HG008673, U01HG008672, U01HG006378, U01HG008684, U01HG008676, U01HG008685, HHSN268200782096C, U01HG004798, N01 HG-65403, U01HG007376, R01HG010067, U01HG008664, U01HG011719, R01HG011052, T32HG002295)
  • National Eye Institute (EY014684-04S1, EY014684, R01EY014684, EY022310, R01EY022310, EY014684-03S1)
  • National Cancer Institute (PSRSIIRI-701, R01CA128978, U19CA055075, R01CA128813, U01CA188392, R35CA053890, U10CA37429, R01CA15847, R01CA064277, R01CA056678, Z01CP010119, CA164973, R01CA082664, U19CA148065, R01CA144034, W81XWH-10-1-0341, R01CA080205, R01CA64277, U01CA063464, UM1CA182883, CA098758, R01-CA49449, R37CA054281, U19CA148537, R01CA148677, R35-CA53890, P01CA087969, K05CA175147, GPH-129344, R01CA054281, R01‐CA049449, 75N92021D00002, R01 CA 80205, UM1CA176726, CA 047988, R01CA063464, R01-CA-55069, UM1CA182913, UM1CA164973, R01CA141298, CA054281, CA141298, R01CA092579, U01CA098758, U19CA148112, (CA128978, R01 CA67262, P01CA055075, UM1CA182876, CEX2018-000806-S, UM1CA186107, U10CA037429, R01CA047988, UM1CA167552, CA063464, R01CA067262, UM1CA182910, R01CA055069, 75N92021D00001, [P01 CA87969, R01CA080122, U01CA176726, P30CA015704, ZIACP010152, U01CA164973)
  • National Institute of Nursing Research (R01NR013520, NR013520, R01NR012459)
  • National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P50GM115305, RC2GM092618)
  • Fogarty International Center (TW005596, D43TW009077, R01TW005596)
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK125187, DK063491, R01DK078150, R01DK118427, R01DK072193, DK078150, R01DK089256, DK125187, R01DK066358, R01DK092127, U01DK105556, R21DK105913, R01DK053591, U01DK105535, R01DK107786, R01DK110113, R01DK101855, U01DK062418, R01DK087914, R01DK104371, DK-056350, P30DK072488, R01DK124097, DK093757, R01DK122503, R01DK075787, P30DK020572, R01DK093757, P30DK063491, P30DK056350, R01DK062370)
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS105150, R01NS100178, U01 NS069208-01, U01-NS069208, R01 NS45012, R01NS032830, R01NS114045, R01NS045012)
  • National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ES010126, DP2 ES030554, P30ES010126)
  • National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (5‐P60‐AR49465, 5‐P60‐AR30701, P60AR049465, P60AR030701)
  • National Center for Research Resources (KL2-RR-024990, RR020649, UL1RR025005, P20-RR020649, S10RR025141, UL1RR024975, M01RR007122)
  • National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (U01DP006266, U01 DP003206)
  • National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
  • National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (263MD9164, U54MD007593, 263MD 821336, R01MD009164, HHSN268201800013I)
  • Biosense Webster
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD030880, N01-HD-1-3331, R01HD074711, N01HD13329, N01‐HD‐1‐3330, R01HD056465, N01-HD-1-3333, R01HD058886, R01 HD58886, N01‐HD‐1‐3228, R01HD100406, R01 HD 30880, N01 HD13332)
  • Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
  • Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (JPMJMS2024)
  • European Social Fund (20142020, 2000/2006, CEX2018-000806-S, .01.2.2.03.0006)
  • Center of Innovation Program
  • Moonshot Research and Development Program (JPMJMS2024, JPMJMS2021)
  • Daiichi Sankyo Europe
  • Compute Ontario
  • Ministerio de Universidades (CEX2018-000806-S)
  • Health Data Research UK
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Physical Performance
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
Keywords
human height, single nucleotide polymorphisms, genetic variants, heritability, genome-wide association study, linkage disequilibrium, ancestry differences, allele frequency, gene prioritization, biological pathways, phenotype prediction
MeSH terms
Body Height, Chromosome Mapping, Europe, Gene Frequency, Haplotypes, Humans, Phenotype, Linkage Disequilibrium, Genome, Human, Sample Size, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Genome-Wide Association Study

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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