Anterior cruciate ligament remnant cells have different potentials for cell differentiation based on their location
Open accessAbstract
Histological and cytological observations of the human anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) had been described, but the differentiation potency based on their location is still unknown. To determine and compare proliferation and differentiation potential of cells derived from distal and middle thirds of the ACL remnant, ACL remnant was initially marked at the distal third (within 10 mm from the tibial insertion) and middle third (between 10–20 mm from the tibial insertion) and then dissected. Both the middle and distal third regions of ACL remnant were analyzed using CD34+ cell counting. Cell proliferation rate did not differ in both middle and distal third regions of ACL remnant, but they showed different characteristics in cell differentiation depending on their location. The distal third region of the ACL remnant had a tendency for chondrogenic differentiation with higher expression of CD34+ cells. On the other hand, the middle third region of ACL remnant had a strong tendency for osteogenic and ligamentous differentiation. Characteristics of the ACL remnant tissues should be considered when performing remnant-preserving or harvesting ACL remnants for tissue engineering.
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ACL-derived cells have shown multilineage differentiation potential in vitro and a strong tendency for ligamentous differentiation.
“The ACL-derived cells have shown multilineage differentiation potential in vitro and a strong tendency for ligamentous differentiation [19].”
From A new biological enhancement therapy for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: the preclinical proof of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with tendon graft reseeded with autologous anterior cruciate ligament-derived cells (2025) · cites this paper as [19]
The Results (‘Multilineage differentiation of ACL remnant cells’) describe osteogenic, chondrogenic, and ligamentous differentiation in cultured ACL remnant cells. The Discussion qualifies the ligamentous finding: the middle-third cells had a stronger tendency for ligamentous differentiation, while distal-third cells tended more toward chondrogenic differentiation. The claim omits that location-dependent distinction. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRuptured human anterior cruciate ligament tissue possesses numerous cells promoting healing and multilineage differentiation.
“Several studies have reported that ruptured human ACL tissue possesses numerous cells promoting healing and multilineage differentiation [19–21].”
Ruptured ACL tissue possesses numerous cells with high expansion and multilineage differentiation potentials.
“Ruptured ACL tissue possesses numerous cells with high expansion and multilineage differentiation potentials [19, 51, 52].”
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Cites
Histological Changes in the Human Anterior Cruciate Ligament After Rupture*
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Park, J., Jo, S., Lee, M.-K., Kim, T.-H., Sung, I.-H., & Lee, J. K. (2022) · Bone & Joint Research · doi:10.1302/2046-3758.1111.bjr-2021-0548.r2 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationPark, J., Soh, H., Jang, Y.-K., Lee, Y. S., Lee, M.-K., Kim, H., Kim, T.-H., Alkhelaifi, K., Kim, T.-J., & Lee, J. K. (2025) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-025-04760-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Lee, J. K., Jo, S., Lee, Y. L., Park, H., Song, J.-S., Sung, I.-H., & Kim, T.-H.
- Affiliations
- Hanyang University Seoul Hospital (KR)
- Hanyang University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Kim, Tae-Hwan
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2020-02-20
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3097-3097
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7033160
- OpenAlex
- W3008413096
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 2.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation (2019R1A2C2004214)
- Korea Health Industry Development Institute (HI17C0888)
- National Research Foundation of Korea (2016R1A2B4008606, 2019R1A2C2004214, NRF-2016R1A2B4008606, 2017R1A6A3A11034394)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Knee injuries and reconstruction techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Tendon Structure and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Osteoarthritis Treatment and Mechanisms
- Keywords
- differentiation potential, chondrogenic differentiation, osteogenic differentiation, CD34+ cells, cell proliferation, tissue engineering
- MeSH terms
- Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries, Adolescent, Adult, Cell Differentiation, Female, Flow Cytometry, Humans, Male, Osteogenesis, Stem Cells, Anterior Cruciate Ligament, Antigens, CD34, Chondrogenesis, Cell Proliferation, Young Adult
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