Effects of add-on transcranial direct current stimulation on pain in Korean patients with fibromyalgia
Open accessAbstract
Despite promising preliminary results of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) treatment in patients with fibromyalgia (FM), several issues need to be addressed, including its limited efficacy, low response rate, and poor tolerability. We investigated the efficacy and safety of tDCS as an add-on treatment for chronic pain in Korean patients with FM. This study enrolled 46 patients who were refractory to pain medications from May 2016 to February 2017. A conventional tDCS device was used to supply 2 mA of current for 20 min on five consecutive days. The primary end-point was a change in visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score at the end of treatment; secondary end-points included changes in Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Scale (MOS-SS) scores. After tDCS, 46 patients showed clinical improvements in VAS pain scores on days 6, 13, and 36 compared with day 0 (p < 0.001). Improvement in FIQ was seen on day 13. The BDI decreased significantly on days 6 and 36, and BFI improved significantly on days 6 and 13. There were no significant improvements in STAI-I, STAI-II, and MOS-SS scores after tDCS. No serious adverse events were observed. Our results suggest that tDCS can result in significant pain relief in FM patients and may be an effective add-on treatment.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Booster stimulation sessions offer promising therapeutic effects in individuals with fibromyalgia and drug cravings.
“Booster stimulation sessions offer promising therapeutic effects in individuals with fibromyalgia and drug cravings [52,53].”
From Primary outcome from the augmenting cognitive training in older adults study (ACT): A tDCS and cognitive training randomized clinical trial (2023) · cites this paper as [52]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Hawker, G. A., Mian, S., Kendzerska, T., & French, M. (2011) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.20543 · Cited by 4,924 · see citing works
Central sensitization: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain
Woolf, C. J. (2011) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.09.030 · Cited by 4,771 · see citing works
Jensen, M. P. (2003) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/s1526-5900(03)00716-8 · Cited by 1,318 · see citing works
Fregni, F., Gimenes, R. O., Valle, A. C., Ferreira, M. J. L., Rocha, R. R., Natalle, L., Bravo, R., Rigonatti, S. P., Freedman, S. D., Nitsche, M. A., et al. (2006) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.22195 · Cited by 568 · see citing works
Meeus, M., & Nijs, J. (2007) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-006-0433-9 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques for chronic pain
O'Connell, N. E., Wand, B. M., Marston, L., Spencer, S., & DeSouza, L. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008208.pub3 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Polanía, R., Paulus, W., & Nitsche, M. A. (2012) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21380 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Pain Processing in the Human Nervous System
Garland, E. L. (2012) · Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice · doi:10.1016/j.pop.2012.06.013 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Elevated insular glutamate in fibromyalgia is associated with experimental pain
Harris, R. E., Sundgren, P. C., Craig, A. D., Kirshenbaum, E., Sen, A., Napadow, V., & Clauw, D. J. (2009) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.24849 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Where in the Brain Is Depression?
Pandya, M. A., Altinay, M. I., Malone, D. A., & Anand, A. (2012) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-012-0322-7 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Disease: pain in fibromyalgia syndrome
Staud, R. M., & Rodriguez, M. E. (2006) · Nature Clinical Practice Rheumatology · doi:10.1038/ncprheum0091 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Valle, A. C., Roizenblatt, S., Botte, S., Zaghi, S., Riberto, M., Tufik, S., Boggio, P. S., & Fregni, F. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Central Nervous System Reorganization in a Variety of Chronic Pain States: A Review
Henry, D. E., Chiodo, A. E., & Yang, W. (2011) · PM&R · doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2011.05.018 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
de Mendonça, M. E., Santana, M. B., Baptista, A. F., Datta, A., Bikson, M., Fregni, F., & Araujo, C. P. (2011) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2010.12.015 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
New American College of Rheumatology Criteria for Fibromyalgia: A Twenty‐Year Journey
Wolfe, F. (2010) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.20156 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Yun, Y. H., Mendoza, T. R., Heo, D. S., Yoo, T., Heo, B. Y., Park, H., Shin, H. C., Wang, X. S., & Cleeland, C. S. (2004) · Oncology · doi:10.1159/000079497 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Kaplan, C. M., Nascimento, T. D., Foerster, B. R., Clauw, D. J., Zubieta, J., Harris, R. E., & DaSilva, A. F. M. (2016) · Arthritis Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13075-016-0934-0 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Beyond pain in fibromyalgia: Insights into the symptom of fatigue
Vincent, A., Benzo, R. P., Whipple, M. O., McAllister, S. J., Erwin, P. J., & Saligan, L. N. (2013) · Arthritis Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/ar4395 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Marlow, N. M., Bonilha, H. S., & Short, E. B. (2012) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1533-2500.2012.00562.x · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Validation Study of the Korean Version of the Brief Fatigue Inventory
Yun, Y. H., Wang, X. S., Lee, J. S., Roh, J., Lee, C. G., Lee, W. S., Lee, K. S., Bang, S., Mendoza, T. R., & Cleeland, C. S. (2005) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2004.04.013 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationTranscranial direct current stimulation as a treatment for patients with fibromyalgia
Fagerlund, A. J., Hansen, O. A., & Aslaksen, P. M. (2015) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.0000000000000006 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Foerster, B. R., Nascimento, T. D., DeBoer, M., Bender, M. A., Rice, I. C., Truong, D. Q., Bikson, M., Clauw, D. J., Zubieta, J., Harris, R. E., et al. (2015) · Arthritis & Rheumatology · doi:10.1002/art.38945 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Hou, W., Wang, T.-Y., & Kang, J. (2016) · Lara D. Veeken · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kew205 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationShekelle, P., Cook, I. A., Miake-Lye, I. M., Booth, M. S., Beroes, J. M., & Mak, S. (2018) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m17-1970 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Diers, M., Koeppe, C., Yilmaz, P., Thieme, K., Markela-Lerenc, J., Schiltenwolf, M., van Ackern, K., & Flor, H. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1097/wnp.0b013e31817759c5 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Usefulness of multiple dimensions of fatigue in fibromyalgia
Ericsson, A., Bremell, T., & Mannerkorpi, K. (2013) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.2340/16501977-1161 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Fibromyalgia among major depression disorder females compared to males
Vishne, T., Fostick, L., Silberman, A., Kupchick, M., Rubinow, A., Amital, H., & Amital, D. (2008) · Rheumatology International · doi:10.1007/s00296-008-0533-8 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Kim, S. S., Won, J. C., Kwon, H., Kim, C. H., Lee, J. H., Park, T. S., Ko, K. S., & Cha, B. Y. (2013) · Journal of Diabetes Investigation · doi:10.1111/jdi.12066 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationSeo, S.-R., Park, D.-J., Kang, J., Lee, J., Lee, K.-E., Wen, L., Kim, T., Park, Y.-W., & Lee, S. (2015) · International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1111/1756-185x.12640 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 30 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Moshfeghinia, R., Shekouh, D., Mostafavi, S., Hosseinzadeh, M., Bahadori, A. R., Abdollahifard, S., & Razmkon, A. (2023) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-023-03445-7 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Wen, Y.-R., Shi, J., Hu, Z.-Y., Lin, Y., Lin, Y.-T., Jiang, X., Wang, R., Wang, X., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2022.1056966 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Martorella, G., Mathis, K. B., Miao, H., Wang, D., Park, L., & Ahn, H. B. (2022) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2022.06.003 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Treating fibromyalgia with electrical neuromodulation: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Cheng, Y., Hsiao, C.-Y., Su, M., Chiu, C., Huang, Y., & Huang, W. (2023) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2023.01.011 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Forogh, B., Haqiqatshenas, H., Ahadi, T., Ebadi, S., Alishahi, V., & Sajadi, S. (2021) · Neurophysiologie Clinique · doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2021.03.002 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Loreti, E. H., Freire, A. M., da Silva, A. A., Kakuta, E., Neto, U. R. M., & Konkiewitz, E. C. (2023) · Neuromodulation Technology at the Neural Interface · doi:10.1016/j.neurom.2022.11.007 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Yang, C., Qu, Y., Huang, J., Wang, T., Zhang, H., Chen, Y., & Tan, Y.-C. (2024) · Neurophysiologie Clinique · doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2024.102944 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Muedra, V., Rodilla, V., Llansola, M., Agustí, A., Pla, C., Cantó, A., & Hernández‐Rabaza, V. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2022.789796 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Hausman, H. K., Alexander, G. E., Cohen, R., Marsiske, M., DeKosky, S. T., Hishaw, G. A., O'Shea, A., Kraft, J. N., Dai, Y., Wu, S., et al. (2023) · Brain Stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2023.05.021 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Harvey, M.-P., Martel, M., Houde, F., Daguet, I., Riesco, É., & Léonard, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2022.817984 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Wu, Y., Luo, Y., Yang, J., Wu, Y., Zhu, Q., Li, Y., Hu, H., Zhang, J., Zhong, Y., & Wang, M. (2024) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-024-07805-3 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Wang, S., Du, S.-H., Wang, X., & Lu, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2024.1269636 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Efficacy of neuromodulation on the treatment of fibromyalgia: A network meta-analysis
Cheng, Y., Chen, W., Su, M., Tu, Y., Chiu, C., & Huang, W. (2024) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2024.01.007 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Winterholler, C., Coura, M. H. F., & Montoya, P. (2025) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2025.1593746 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Non-Invasive Electric and Magnetic Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Fibromyalgia
Molero‐Chamizo, A., Nitsche, M. A., Barroso, R. T. A., Bailén, J. R. A., Palomeque, J. C. G., & Urbina, G. N. R. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11030954 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Winfield‐Vargas, J.-G., Ramírez‐Nava, J., Rodríguez‐Ayala, V., Cruz‑Sánchez, J., Solís‐Chagoyán, H., Aquino‐Gálvez, A., Romero-Martínez, B. S., Montaño, L. M., & Flores‐Soto, E. (2021) · World Academy of Sciences Journal · doi:10.3892/wasj.2021.107 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Betancur, D. F. A., Tarragó, M. D. G. L., França, B. R., Bueno, G. B., Gomes, J., Coelho, M. L., Venturini, C. L., Torres, I. L. D. S., Fregni, F., Bock, H., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-20769-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Jabali, A. L., Mojtabaei, M., & Mirhashemi, M. (2021) · Modern Care Journal · doi:10.5812/modernc.119145 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Li, W., Tseng, T.-L., Yang, C., Cheng, C.-M., Chao, H., Yeh, T. C., Chen, L., & Hsieh, J. (2025) · PAIN Reports · doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000001240 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Jabali, A. L., Mojtabaei, M., & Mirhashemi, M. (2021) · Modern Care Journal · doi:10.5812/modernc.119154
Tsai, S., Lin, Y.-R., & Niddam, D. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2025.1533962
The Relationship Between Pain and Depression
Shin, C., & Jeong, J. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-92-1331-3_9
- Authors
- Kang, J.-H., Choi, S.-E., Park, D.-J., Xu, H., Lee, J.-K., & Lee, S.-S.
- Affiliations
- Chonnam National University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Shin-Seok
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2020-07-21
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 12114-12114
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7374102
- OpenAlex
- W3045104135
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 1.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Chonnam National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute (Grant Number CRI18043-21)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Keywords
- transcranial direct current stimulation, fibromyalgia, chronic pain, adjunctive therapy, refractory pain, analgesia, depression, fatigue, sleep quality, anxiety, Korean patients
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Fibromyalgia, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pain Measurement, Surveys and Questionnaires, Treatment Outcome, Neoadjuvant Therapy, Republic of Korea, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review