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Yersinia pestis strains from Latvia show depletion of the pla virulence gene at the end of the second plague pandemic

Susat, Julian, Bonczarowska, Joanna H., Pētersone-Gordina, Elīna, Immel, Alexander, Nebel, Almut, Gerhards, Guntis, Krause-Kyora, Ben·2020·Scientific Reports
DOI 10.1038/s41598-020-71530-9PMC PMC7471286
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Abstract

Ancient genomic studies have identified Yersinia pestis(Y. pestis) as the causative agent of the second plague pandemic (fourteenth–eighteenth century) that started with the Black Death (1,347–1,353). Most of the Y. pestis strains investigated from this pandemic have been isolated from western Europe, and not much is known about the diversity and microevolution of this bacterium in eastern European countries. In this study, we investigated human remains excavated from two cemeteries in Riga (Latvia). Historical evidence suggests that the burials were a consequence of plague outbreaks during the seventeenth century. DNA was extracted from teeth of 16 individuals and subjected to shotgun sequencing. Analysis of the metagenomic data revealed the presence of Y. pestis sequences in four remains, confirming that the buried individuals were victims of plague. In two samples,Y. pestis DNA coverage was sufficient for genome reconstruction. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis showed that the Riga strains fell within the diversity of the already known post-Black Death genomes. Interestingly, the two Latvian isolates did not cluster together. Moreover, we detected a drop in coverage of the pPCP1 plasmid region containing the pla gene. Further analysis indicated the presence of two pPCP1 plasmids, one with and one without the pla gene region, and only one bacterial chromosome, indicating that the same bacterium carried two distinct pPCP1 plasmids. In addition, we found the same pattern in the majority of previously published post-Black Death strains, but not in the Black Death strains. The pla gene is an important virulence factor for the infection of and transmission in humans. Thus, the spread of pla-depleted strains may, among other causes, have contributed to the disappearance of the second plague pandemic in eighteenth century Europe.

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  • Ancient DNA analysis

    Orlando, L., Allaby, R., Skoglund, P., Der Sarkissian, C., Stockhammer, P. W., Ávila-Arcos, M. C., Fu, Q., Krause, J., Willerslev, E., Stone, A. C., et al. (2021) · Nature Reviews Methods Primers · doi:10.1038/s43586-020-00011-0 · Cited by 411

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Metadata

Authors
Susat, J., Bonczarowska, J. H., Pētersone-Gordina, E., Immel, A., Nebel, A., Gerhards, G., & Krause-Kyora, B.
Venue
Scientific Reports
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2020-09-03
Volume
10
Issue
1
ISSN
2045-2322
DOI
10.1038/s41598-020-71530-9
PMC
PMC7471286
Cited by
53
References
5
Language
en
Licence
Funders
  • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (2901391021 (CRC 1266))
  • Projekt DEAL

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