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Cited by 154Electrospun Nanofibers in Biomedical ApplicationsBone Tissue Engineering Materials3D Printing in Biomedical Research

Melt electrowriting of PLA, PCL, and composite PLA/PCL scaffolds for tissue engineering application

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Shahverdi, Mohammad, Seifi, Saeed, Akbari, Ali, Mohammadi, Kaivan, Shamloo, Amir, Movahhedy, Mohammad Reza·2022·Scientific Reports
DOI 10.1038/s41598-022-24275-6PMC PMC9675866
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Abstract

Fabrication of well-ordered and bio-mimetic scaffolds is one of the most important research lines in tissue engineering. Different techniques have been utilized to achieve this goal, however, each method has its own disadvantages. Recently, melt electrowriting (MEW) as a technique for fabrication of well-organized scaffolds has attracted the researchers’ attention due to simultaneous use of principles of additive manufacturing and electrohydrodynamic phenomena. In previous research studies, polycaprolactone (PCL) has been mostly used in MEW process. PCL is a biocompatible polymer with characteristics that make it easy to fabricate well-arranged structures using MEW device. However, the mechanical properties of PCL are not favorable for applications like bone tissue engineering. Furthermore, it is of vital importance to demonstrate the capability of MEW technique for processing a broad range of polymers. To address aforementioned problems, in this study, three ten-layered box-structured well-ordered scaffolds, including neat PLA, neat PCL, and PLA/PCL composite are fabricated using an MEW device. Printing of the composite PLA/PCL scaffold using the MEW device is conducted in this study for the first time. The MEW device used in this study is a commercial fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printer which with some changes in its setup and configuration becomes prepared for being used as an MEW device. Since in most of previous studies, a setup has been designed and built for MEW process, the use of the FDM device can be considered as one of the novelties of this research. The printing parameters are adjusted in a way that scaffolds with nearly equal pore sizes in the range of 140 µm to 150 µm are fabricated. However, PCL fibers are mostly narrower (diameters in the range of 5 µm to 15 µm) than PLA fibers with diameters between 15 and 25 µm. Unlike the MEW process of PCL, accurate positioning of PLA fibers is difficult which can be due to higher viscosity of PLA melt compared to PCL melt. The printed composite PLA/PCL scaffold possesses a well-ordered box structure with improved mechanical properties and cell-scaffold interactions compared to both neat PLA and PCL scaffolds. Besides, the composite scaffold exhibits a higher swelling ratio than the neat PCL scaffold which can be related to the presence of less hydrophobic PLA fibers. This scaffold demonstrates an anisotropic behavior during uniaxial tensile test in which its Young’s modulus, ultimate tensile stress, and strain to failure all depend on the direction of the applied tensile force. This anisotropy makes the composite PLA/PCL scaffold an exciting candidate for applications in heart tissue engineering. The results of in-vitro cell viability test using L929 mouse murine fibroblast and human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVEC) cells demonstrate that all of the printed scaffolds are biocompatible. In particular, the composite scaffold presents the highest cell viability value among the fabricated scaffolds. All in all, the composite PLA/PCL scaffold shows that it can be a promising substitution for neat PCL scaffold used in previous MEW studies.

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  • PLA-PCL nanofibrous blends have shown enhanced support for fibroblast proliferation and the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells.

    “Similarly, PLA–PCL nanofibrous blends have shown enhanced support for fibroblast proliferation and the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells, confirming the favorable cell–material interactions resulting from such modifications [200].”

    From Biomaterials in Postoperative Adhesion Barriers and Uterine Tissue Engineering (2025) · cites this paper as [200]

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Shahverdi, M., Seifi, S., Akbari, A., Mohammadi, K., Shamloo, A., & Movahhedy, M. R.
Affiliations
Sharif University of Technology (IR)
Corresponding author
  • Mohammadi, Kaivan
  • Shamloo, Amir
ORCID
Venue
Scientific Reports
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2022-11-19
Volume
12
Issue
1
Pages
19935-19935
ISSN
2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1038/s41598-022-24275-6
PMC
PMC9675866
OpenAlex
W4309562512
Cited by
154
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 42 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 23
FWCI
6.88
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Electrospun Nanofibers in Biomedical Applications
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
Keywords
melt electrowriting, polylactic acid, polycaprolactone, electrospun nanofibers, bone tissue engineering, pore size, fiber diameter, swelling ratio, mechanical anisotropy, uniaxial tensile testing, cell-scaffold interaction, biodegradation, biocompatibility
MeSH terms
Animals, Bone and Bones, Humans, Polyesters, Polymers, Tissue Engineering, Mice, Tissue Scaffolds, Elastic Modulus

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