The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Acoustic projectors make covert bioacoustic chirplet signals discoverable
Open accessAbstract
To disguise man-made communications as natural signals, underwater transceivers have the option to pre-record animal vocalizations, and play them back in a way that carries meaningful information for a trained receiver. This operation, known as biomimicking, has been used to perform covert communications and to emit broadband signals for localization, either by playing pre-recorded animal sounds back into the environment, or by designing artificial waveforms whose spectrum is close to that of bioacoustic sounds.However, organic sound-emitting body structures in animals have very different trans-characteristics with respect to electro-acoustic transducers used in underwater acoustic transceivers. In this paper, we observe the distortion induced by transmitting pre-recorded animal vocalization through a transducer’s front-end, and argue that such distortion can be detected via appropriate entropy metrics. We test ten different metrics for this purpose, both via emulated transmission and in two field experiments. Our result indicate which signals and entropy metrics lead to the highest probability of detecting transducer-originated distortions, thus exposing ongoing covert communications. Our research emphasizes the limitations that man-made equipment incurs when reproducing bioacoustic sounds, and prompts for the choice of biomimicking signals that are possibly suboptimal for communications or localization, but help avoid exposing disguised transmissions.
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“Research in biomimetic communications and underwater acoustics (Caleffi et al. 2015; Casari et al. 2023) offers the technical crossover needed to make these simulations credible.”
From Listening forward: emerging roles of bioacoustics in ecology, evolution, and conservation (2026) · cites this paper as Casari et al. 2023
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Cites
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Self-citationCovert underwater acoustic communication using dolphin sounds
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Research works printed but not linked: 2
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- Hu, X., Jiang, J., Cao, D. & Egardt, B. Battery health prognosis for electric vehicles using sample entropy and sparse Bayesian predictive modeling. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 63, 2645–2656 (2015).
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Sorted by citations
Analysis of Research Trends and Technological Maturity of Biomimetic Underwater Communication
Ahn, J., Park, G., Kim, W., Kim, H.-M., & Lee, D. (2025) · IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering · doi:10.1109/joe.2025.3553982 · Cited by 8
Bilal, M., Zuberi, H. H., Jaffar, A. Y., Riaz, W., Khan, M. A., Alharbi, A., Miyajan, A., & Liu, S. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-34297-5 · Cited by 7
Interception of bio-mimicked underwater acoustic communications
Mishali, T., & Diamant, R. (2023) · MTS/IEEE OCEANS Conference (OCEANS) · doi:10.1109/oceanslimerick52467.2023.10244632 · Cited by 4
Self-citationExtension of the Covert Performance Evaluation System for Underwater Spread Spectrum Communication
Hu, Y., Han, S., Zhao, H., Han, Y., Xu, J., & Yang, G. Q. (2023) · International Conference on Electronic Information Engineering and Computer Technology (EIECT) · doi:10.1109/eiect60552.2023.10442269 · Cited by 3
Evaluation of the Covertness of Sound Signals Mimicking Those of Marine Mammals
Jiang, S. Y., Wang, J., Niu, Q., & Shi, W. (2025) · IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering · doi:10.1109/joe.2024.3508036 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Casari, P., Neasham, J., Gubnitsky, G., Eccher, D., & Diamant, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Trento (IT)
- University of Haifa (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Casari, Paolo
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2023-02-14
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 2591-2591
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9929283
- OpenAlex
- W4320727230
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 1.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Iris (University of Trento) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity) (cc-by)
- Funders
- NATO Science for Peace and Security (G5884)
- Ministero dell’Economia e delle Finanze,Italy (ECS 00000043)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Ocean Engineering › Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Underwater Acoustics Research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Marine animal studies overview
- Keywords
- entropy measures, sound localization
- MeSH terms
- Acoustics, Animals, Communication, Sound, Vocalization, Animal
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