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Cited by 105Enhanced Oil Recovery TechniquesSurfactants and Colloidal SystemsPetroleum Processing and Analysis

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 98 of the 98 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Effect of chemicals on the phase and viscosity behavior of water in oil emulsions

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Shafiei, Masoud, Kazemzadeh, Yousef, Martyushev, Dmitriy A., Dai, Zhenxue, Riazi, Masoud·2023·Scientific Reports
DOI 10.1038/s41598-023-31379-0PMC PMC10008830
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Abstract

Due to population growth, the need for energy, especially fossil fuels, is increased every year. Since the costs of exploring new reservoirs and drilling new wells are very high, most reservoirs have passed their first and second periods of life, and it is necessary to use EOR methods. Water-based enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods are one of the popular methods in this field. In this method, due to the possibility of emulsion formation is high, and by creating a stable emulsion, viscosity and mobility improved. In this study, the parameters affecting the stability and viscosity of the emulsion have been investigated step by step. In the first step, 50% (v/v) of water has been selected as the best water cut. The type of salt and its best concentration was evaluated in the second step by measuring the average droplets size. The third step investigated the effect of SiO 2 nanoparticles and surfactant (span80) on emulsion stability and viscosity. According to the results, the best amount of water cut was 50% due to the maximum viscosity. In salts the yield was as follows: MgCl 2 > CaCl 2 > MgSO 4 > Na 2 SO 4 > NaCl. The best yield was related to MgCl 2 at a concentration of 10,000 ppm. Finally, it was shown that the synergy of nanoparticles and surfactants resulted in higher stability and viscosity than in the case where each was used alone. It should be noted that the optimal concentration of nanoparticles is equal to 0.1% (w/w), and the optimal concentration of surfactant is equal to 200 ppm. In general, a stable state was obtained in 50% water-cut with MgCl 2 salt at a concentration of 10,000 ppm and in the presence of SiO 2 nanoparticles at a concentration of 0.1% and span 80 surfactants at a concentration of 200 ppm. The results obtained from this study provide important insights for optimal selection of the water-based EOR operation parameters. Viscosity showed a similar trend with stability and droplet size. As the average particle size decreased (or stability increased), the emulsion viscosity increased.

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Figures

Figure 1 Flow work of research.
Figure 1 Flow work of research.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 FTIR analysis of crude oil.
Figure 2 FTIR analysis of crude oil.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 NIR analysis of asphaltene extracted from the tested oil.
Figure 3 NIR analysis of asphaltene extracted from the tested oil.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 SEM analysis of nanoparticles used in experiments.
Figure 4 SEM analysis of nanoparticles used in experiments.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 Effect of water-cut on the viscosity of the emulsion.
Figure 5 Effect of water-cut on the viscosity of the emulsion.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 Effect of salt type on mean droplet size at 50% water content.
Figure 6 Effect of salt type on mean droplet size at 50% water content.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 7 Effect of salt type on mean droplet size (a) MgCl2, (b) CaCl2, (c) MgSO2, (d) Na2SO4, (e) NaCl at 10,000 ppm.
Figure 7 Effect of salt type on mean droplet size (a) MgCl2, (b) CaCl2, (c) MgSO2, (d) Na2SO4, (e) NaCl at 10,000 ppm.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 8 Effect of salt type and concentration on the viscosity of emulsions.
Figure 8 Effect of salt type and concentration on the viscosity of emulsions.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 9 Effect of nanoparticle and surfactant concentration on viscosity and phase separation after 30 days (3D and contour plots).
Figure 9 Effect of nanoparticle and surfactant concentration on viscosity and phase separation after 30 days (3D and contour plots).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 10 Phase separation after 30 days (0%, 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5% (w/w) concentration of nanoparticle and 10,000 ppm concentration of MgCl2 from left to right in each case).
Figure 10 Phase separation after 30 days (0%, 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5% (w/w) concentration of nanoparticle and 10,000 ppm concentration of MgCl2 from left to right in each case).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 11 Effect of surfactant and nanoparticle concentrations in the presence of various salt concentrations on viscosity.
Figure 11 Effect of surfactant and nanoparticle concentrations in the presence of various salt concentrations on viscosity.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 12 Emulsification after 10, 20, and 25 times shaking from left to right.
Figure 12 Emulsification after 10, 20, and 25 times shaking from left to right.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Citations

Cites

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Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Du, D., Pu, W., Chen, B., Varfolomeev, M. A. & Liu, R. Experimental study on EOR potential of water-in-oil emulsion via CO2/N2 triggered wormlike micelle solution. Fuel 288, 119639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119639 (2021). · DOI

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Metadata

Authors
Shafiei, M., Kazemzadeh, Y., Martyushev, D. A., Dai, Z., & Riazi, M.
Affiliations
  • Shiraz University (IR)
  • Perm National Research Polytechnic University (RU)
  • Jilin University (CN)
Corresponding author
  • Kazemzadeh, Yousef
  • Riazi, Masoud
ORCID
Venue
Scientific Reports
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2023-03-12
Volume
13
Issue
1
Pages
4100-4100
ISSN
2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1038/s41598-023-31379-0
PMC
PMC10008830
OpenAlex
W4323979191
Cited by
104
References
98
Citations by year
2026: 15 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 17
FWCI
12.67
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Energy › Fuel Technology › Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques
  • Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Physical and Theoretical Chemistry › Surfactants and Colloidal Systems
  • Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Petroleum Processing and Analysis
Keywords
water-in-oil emulsions, enhanced oil recovery, emulsion viscosity, emulsion stability, water cut, salt effects, magnesium chloride, droplet size, silica nanoparticles, Span 80

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Effect of chemicals on the phase and viscosity behavior of water in oil emulsions. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1038/s41598-023-31379-0
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Shafiei, M., Kazemzadeh, Y., Martyushev, D. A., Dai, Z., & Riazi, M. (2023). Effect of chemicals on the phase and viscosity behavior of water in oil emulsions. Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31379-0

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