A study of chloride binding capacity of concrete containing supplementary cementitious materials
Open accessAbstract
Chloride-induced steel corrosion is known to be a very common kind of deterioration of reinforced concrete. It is beneficial to bind free chloride ions to reduce the corrosion probability of the reinforcement embedded in the concrete. The binding capacity of the concrete varies according to its cementitious system. This paper investigates the chloride binding capacity of different kinds of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs): Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), Fly ash, and Metakaolin as a partial replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Different properties of concrete after chloride binding are assessed by carrying out the following tests: half-cell potential, accelerated corrosion test, compressive strength, rapid chloride penetration test, sorptivity test, measuring pH value of concrete, and XRD. The results showed that utilizing the SCMs in concrete can enhance the chloride binding capacity, especially those materials that have high quantities of aluminate and calcium in their chemical composition like GGBFS. Based on testing results, it’s recommended that the limit of the chloride content in the different codes should be revised regarding the binding capacity according to the type and quantity of the cementitious materials used.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Chloride binding in blended binder systems involves both chemical reactions and physical sorption, and these mechanisms should be considered with transport properties.
“Recent studies have emphasized that chloride binding in blended binder systems involves both chemical reactions and physical sorption, and that these mechanisms should be considered with transport properties [7, 20-24].”
From Mechanical Properties and Chloride Penetration Resistance of Low-Carbon Concrete with Blended Binder Systems (2026) · cites this paper as [20]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Durability of steel reinforced concrete in chloride environments: An overview
Shi, X., Xie, N., Fortune, K., & Gong, J. (2011) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.038 · Cited by 935 · see citing works
Use of sea-sand and seawater in concrete construction: Current status and future opportunities
Xiao, J., Qiang, C., Nanni, A., & Zhang, K. (2017) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.130 · Cited by 871 · see citing works
The effect of supplementary cementitious materials on chloride binding in hardened cement paste
Thomas, M. D. A., Hooton, R. D., Scott, A., & Zibara, H. (2012) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.01.001 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Rashad, A. M. (2013) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.12.001 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
Mechanism of Friedel's salt formation in cements rich in tri-calcium aluminate
Suryavanshi, A. K., Scantlebury, J. D., & Lyon, S. B. (1996) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/s0008-8846(96)85009-5 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Factors influencing chloride-binding in concrete
Arya, C., Buenfeld, N. R., & Newman, J. B. (1990) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/0008-8846(90)90083-a · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Qureshi, L. A., Ali, B., & Ali, A. (2020) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120636 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
A brief on high-volume Class F fly ash as cement replacement – A guide for Civil Engineer
Rashad, A. M. (2015) · International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment · doi:10.1016/j.ijsbe.2015.10.002 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Guo, Z., Jiang, T., Zhang, J., Kong, X., Chen, C., & Lehman, D. E. (2019) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117115 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Chloride binding in GGBS concrete
Dhir, R. K., El-Mohr, M. A. K., & Dyer, T. D. (1996) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/s0008-8846(96)00180-9 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Combined effect of metakaolin and sea water on performance and microstructures of concrete
Shi, Z., Shui, Z., Li, Q., & Geng, H. (2014) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.10.023 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Rahla, K. M., Mateus, R. F. M. S., & Bragança, L. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.010 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Zibara, H., Hooton, R. D., Thomas, M. D. A., & Stanish, K. (2007) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.08.024 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Rashad, A. M. (2018) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.150 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Bilal, H., Chen, T., Ren, M., Gao, X., & Su, A. (2021) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.122124 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
C09 Committee (2008) · doi:10.1520/c0618 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
The influence of different cements on chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcing steel
Page, C. L., Short, N. R., & Holden, W. R. (1986) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/0008-8846(86)90071-2 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Gbozee, M., Zheng, K., He, F., & Zeng, X. (2018) · Applied Clay Science · doi:10.1016/j.clay.2018.03.038 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Strength and corrosion properties of Portland cement mortar and concrete with mineral admixtures
Shi, X., Yang, Z., Liu, Y., & Cross, D. (2011) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.03.011 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Mechanical properties of alkali-activated slag concrete mixed by seawater and sea sand
Yang, S., Xu, J., Zang, C., Li, R., Yang, Q., & Sun, S. (2018) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.113 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Effect of ground granulate blast-furnace slag on corrosion performance of steel embedded in concrete
Topçu, İ. B., & Boğa, A. R. (2010) · Materials & Design (1980-2015) · doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2010.01.057 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
An assessment of four methods of determining the free chloride content of concrete
Arya, C., & Newman, J. B. (1990) · Materials and Structures · doi:10.1007/bf02472710 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Kumar, M. P., Mini, K. M., & Rangarajan, M. (2018) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.096 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Improving the chloride binding capacity of cement paste by adding nano-Al2O3
Yang, Z., Gao, Y. X., Mu, S., Chang, H., Sun, W., & Jiang, J. (2018) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.012 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Combined impact of silicate-amorphicity and MgO-reactivity on the performance of Mg-silicate cement
Abdel‐Gawwad, H. A., El-Aleem, S. A., Amer, A. A., El-Didamony, H., & Arif, M. A. (2018) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.171 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Ha, T., Muralidharan, S., Bae, J.-H., Ha, Y., Lee, H.-G., Park, K.-W., & Kim, D.-K. (2005) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.08.019 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Chloride diffusion model for concrete in marine environment with considering binding effect
Li, D., Li, L.-Y., & Wang, X. (2019) · Marine Structures · doi:10.1016/j.marstruc.2019.03.004 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Chloride binding in hydrated MK, SF and natural zeolite-lime mixtures
Dousti, A., Beaudoin, J. J., & Shekarchi, M. (2017) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.034 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
The resistance of high alumina cement against corrosion of steel in concrete
Ann, K. Y., Kim, T., Kim, J. H., & Kim, S.-H. (2010) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.01.022 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Interface and anti-corrosion properties of sea-sand concrete with fumed silica
Zhu, N., Jin, F., Kong, X., Xu, Y., Zhou, J., Wang, B., & Wu, H. (2018) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.040 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Liu, W., Huang, R., Fu, J., Tang, W., Dong, Z., & Cui, H. (2017) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.078 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Effect of TIPA on Chloride Immobilization in Cement‐Fly Ash Paste
Ma, B., Zhang, T., Tan, H., Liu, X., Mei, J., Jiang, W., Qi, H., & Gu, B. (2018) · Advances in Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1155/2018/4179421 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Chloride binding behavior of calcium silicate hydrates and Friedel's salt of pastes
Chang, H., Fan, S., Guo, Z., Ma, Y., Li, Z., Zuo, Z., Liu, J., & Yang, L. H. (2023) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2023.107318 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Effects of curing regimes on the chloride binding capacity of cementitious materials
Chen, X.-F., He, Y., Lü, L., Wang, F., & Hu, S. (2022) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127929 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Fan, X., Wang, Y., Yu, Q., Gao, X., Ye, J., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2023.106384 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Devi, G. S. L., Rao, P. S., & Prasad, C. V. S. R. (2021) · Materials Today Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.689 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Shaikh, F. U. A., Maalej, M., Paramasivam, P., & Mihashi, H. (2006) · Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials · doi:10.1002/pse.214 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Translocation of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase through mitochondrial inner membrane
Rendón, Á., & Waksman, A. (1980) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/0005-2736(80)90400-9 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Accelerated Short-Term Techniques to Evaluate Corrosion in TiC Reinforced AA6063 Composites
Saravanan, S., Kumar, P. S., Palanisamy, T., Ravichandran, M., Anandakrishnan, V., Sankar, S., & Balan, A. V. (2017) · JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY · doi:10.24297/jac.v13i10.5898 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [41]ASTM C1202. Standard test method for electrical indication of concrete’s ability to resist chloride ion penetration. Am. Soc. Test. Mater. 1–8. 10.1520/C1202-12.2 (2012). · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Blackshaw, G. A., Forsdyke, J. C., & Lees, J. M. (2024) · Materials and Structures · doi:10.1617/s11527-024-02438-3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Elmaasrawy, M., Lan, S. N., Cao, H., Li, S., & Gao, X. (2025) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112674 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Seo, E.-A., & Lee, H. J. (2025) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112461 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Kobbekaduwa, D., Nanayakkara, O., & Liu, E. (2026) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.146566 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mostafa, A., Sokairge, H., Galal, M., & Abdel-Latif, I. (2026) · Materials and Structures · doi:10.1617/s11527-026-03033-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Yan, S., Gu, S., Liu, Y., An, D., Xie, S., Pang, G., Lin, J., & Liang, Y. (2025) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.143001 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Industrial Mineral-Based Ca-Rich Fly Ash Cement Mortars: 24-Month Durability Under Marine Exposure
Chousidis, N. (2026) · Minerals · doi:10.3390/min16030328 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zhang, J., Kang, Z., Zhang, J., Chen, K., Zhao, S., Zhao, Q., Cheng, Y., & Shen, Y. (2026) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110471 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kim, N., & Ryu, S. (2026) · American Journal of Civil Engineering · doi:10.11648/j.ajce.20261403.16
Thermal insulation of biochar-cement composites
Jiang, X., Zhu, X., & Tsang, D. C. W. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-22037-1.00011-2
Durability study of mortar modified with corrosion inhibitors and waterproofing compounds
S, A. T., Shaji, P., & John, E. (2026) · Emerging Materials Research · doi:10.1680/jemmr.25.00051
Asadzadeh, S. M. M., Baradaran, M., & Atefatdoost, G. R. (2026) · Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering · doi:10.1007/s13369-026-11382-z
He, J., Luo, Y., Liu, X., Lan, L., Liang, J., & Yang, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Materials · doi:10.3389/fmats.2026.1842532
Zhang, A., Wang, Z., Zhu, B., Qiu, R., & Qiu, H. (2026) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.147495
Mojapelo, K. S., Burger, E. A., & Snyman, J. (2026) · Cleaner Waste Systems · doi:10.1016/j.clwas.2026.100564
Wang, X., Duan, X.-Z., Xia, R., Li, W., Liu, J., Zhou, Z., Yang, A., Yin, X., Song, G., & Dai, K. (2026) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings16163169
Mechanical and durability properties of concrete mixed and cured in hypersaline water
Falade, A. A., Nwankwo, E., Agboola, S. A., Mohammed, A. J., & Ujah, J. A. (2026) · Discover Concrete and Cement · doi:10.1007/s44416-026-00099-9
Liu, K., Zhang, G., Duan, X., Yang, J., Wang, Z., Hu, Y., & Ding, Q. (2026) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2026.117186
Adagba, T. (2026) · Recent Progress in Materials · doi:10.21926/rpm.2603006
Harun, M. Z. B., Mohammed, T. O., & Fanijo, E. O. (2026) · Hybrid Advances · doi:10.1016/j.hybadv.2026.100748
Arifuzzaman, M., Shatnawi, Z. N., Mamun, A. A., & Alluqmani, A. E. (2026) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma19204345
Khan, M. M., Ahmad, S., & Al-Osta, M. A. (2026) · Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering · doi:10.1007/s13369-026-11732-x
Das, J. R., Vo, D., Han, T., Neithalath, N., & Kumar, A. (2026) · Cement and Concrete Composites · doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106868
- Authors
- Abd El-Fattah, H., Abd El-Zaher, Y., & Kohail, M.
- Affiliations
- Ain Shams University (EG)
- ORCID
- Kohail, Mohamed
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2024-06-05
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 12970-12970
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11153601
- OpenAlex
- W4399367915
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 4.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- The Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Concrete Corrosion and Durability
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Concrete and Cement Materials Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Concrete Properties and Behavior
- Keywords
- chloride binding capacity, supplementary cementitious materials, chloride-induced steel corrosion, reinforced concrete durability, ground granulated blast furnace slag, fly ash, metakaolin, partial cement replacement, chloride penetration, sorptivity, half-cell potential, compressive strength, concrete pH
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
