CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 3Dental materials and restorationsPolymer Surface Interaction StudiesMaterial Properties and Applications

A comparative study of polydopamine vs. glass ionomer cement for adhesion mechanisms on enamel and dentin using SEM and shear bond strength evaluation

Open access
Rao, Lakshmi Nidhi, Sarkar, Soumyajit, Shetty, Aditya, Shetty, Heeresh, Shetty, Shraddha, Mohamed, Roshan Noor, Basha, Sakeenabi, Pawar, Ajinkya +1 more·2025·Scientific Reports
DOI 10.1038/s41598-025-85735-3PMC PMC11742451
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Polydopamine (PD), inspired by the wet adhesion mechanism of mussel foot proteins, has emerged as a promising adhesive material with wide-ranging applications. This study aimed to compare the adhesive properties of PD and Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) on enamel and dentin substrates, evaluating PD's potential as an alternative adhesive in dental practice. A total of 120 human premolars were prepared, with 80 teeth allocated for Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis and 40 teeth reserved for shear bond strength testing. The 80 teeth for SEM were divided into four groups (n = 20 per group) based on the adhesive used (PD or GIC) and the substrate (enamel or dentin). The bond interfaces were analysed under SEM following adhesive self-polymerization. Statistical analysis using the Mann-Whitney U test (p < 0.05) revealed that GIC and PD showed more microcracks when bonded to dentin compared to enamel, with the PD-enamel group showing the fewest microcracks. For shear bond strength testing, the 40 remaining teeth were divided into four groups (n = 10 per group) according to the same adhesive-substrate combinations. The results analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis test (p < 0.001), indicated that PD bonded to enamel exhibited the highest bond strength, followed by PD-dentin, GIC-enamel, and GIC-dentin. These findings were consistent with the SEM analysis, demonstrating that PD provides superior bonding to enamel and outperforms GIC in both bond strength and interface quality. This study suggests that PD is a viable alternative to GIC, particularly for enamel bonding, and further research is recommended to assess its long-term clinical performance.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/s41598-025-85735-3

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • A compact and continuous PDA thin film deposited on exposed dentin surfaces effectively seals open dentinal tubules through physical occlusion, thereby mitigating dentin hypersensitivity symptoms.

    “Leveraging the strong adhesive properties and favorable biocompatibility of PDA, a compact and continuous thin film can be deposited on exposed dentin surfaces, effectively sealing open dentinal tubules through physical occlusion and thereby mitigating hypersensitivity symptoms.”

    From Polydopamine-Based Biomaterials in Oral Medicine: Applications, Mechanisms, and Translational Challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [28]

    The Discussion (page unavailable) says polydopamine forms a thin adhesive film and can bond to dentin; the Introduction also describes its biocompatibility. The paper does not report that the film is compact and continuous, seals dentinal tubules by physical occlusion, or mitigates hypersensitivity symptoms. Its Discussion instead notes challenges in bonding to dentin. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet

References 34 · Cited by 3

Research works printed but not linked: 32

  1. [1]Silverman, H. G. & Roberto, F. F. Understanding marine mussel adhesion. Mar. Biotechnol. 9, 661–681 (2007). PMC2100433 17990038
  2. [2]Lee, H., Scherer, N. F. & Messersmith, P. B. Mussel-inspired surface chemistry for multifunctional coatings. Science 318, 426–430. 10.1126/science.1147241 (2007). 17947576 PMC2601629 · DOI · Paper page
  3. [3]Liu, Y., Ai, K. & Lu, L. Polydopamine and its derivative materials: synthesis and promising applications in energy, environmental, and biomedical fields. Chem. Rev. 114, 5057–5115. 10.1021/cr400407a (2014). 24517847 · DOI · Paper page
  4. [4]Yang, H., Luo, J., Lv, Y., Shen, P. & Xu, Z. Surface engineering of polymer membranes via mussel-inspired chemistry. J. Membr. Sci. 483, 42–59. 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.02.027 (2015). · DOI
  5. [5]Yao, C. et al. High-performance bioinspired microspheres for boosting dental adhesion. Smalle231025110.1002/smll.202310251 (2024). 38362704 · DOI
  6. [6]Cheng, W. et al. Versatile polydopamine platforms: synthesis and promising applications for surface modification and advanced nanomedicine. ACS Nano 13, 8537–8565. 10.1021/acsnano.9b04436 (2019). 31369230 · DOI
  7. [8]Liu, Y., Zhang, Z., Lv, H., Qin, Y. & Deng, L. Surface modification of chitosan film via polydopamine coating to promote biomineralization in bone tissue engineering. J. Bioact Compat. Polym. 33, 134–145. 10.1177/08839115177132 (2018). · DOI
  8. [9]Wang, H. et al. Mussel-inspired polydopamine coating: a general strategy to enhance osteogenic differentiation and osseointegration for diverse implants. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11, 7615–7625. 10.1021/acsami.8b21558 (2019). 30689334 · DOI
  9. [10]Kwon, I. S. & Bettinger, C. J. Polydopamine nanostructures as biomaterials for medical applications. J. Mater. Chem. B 6, 6895–6903. 10.1039/C8TB02310G (2018). 31105962 PMC6516781 · DOI
  10. [11]Huang, Z. et al. Enhanced in vitro biocompatibility and osteogenesis of titanium substrates immobilized with dopamine-assisted superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles for hBMSCs. R Soc. Open. Sci. 5, 172033. 10.1098/rsos.172033 (2018). 30224987 PMC6124053 · DOI
  11. [12]Wang, T. et al. Polydopamine-coated chitosan hydrogel beads for synthesis and immobilization of silver nanoparticles to simultaneously enhance antimicrobial activity and adsorption kinetics. Adv. Compos. Hybrid. Mater. 4, 696–706. 10.1007/s42114-021-00305-1 (2021). · DOI
  12. [13]Zhang, J. et al. A novel dental adhesive containing Ag/polydopamine-modified HA fillers with both antibacterial and mineralization properties. J. Dent. 111, 103710. 10.1016/j.jdent.2021.103710 (2021). 34090992 · DOI
  13. [14]Ramburrun, P. et al. Recent advances in the development of antimicrobial and antifouling biocompatible materials for dental applications. Materials 14, 3167. 10.3390/ma14123167 (2021). 34207552 PMC8229368 · DOI
  14. [15]El Wakeel, A. M., Elkassas, D. W. & Yousry, M. M. Bonding of contemporary glass ionomer cements to different tooth substrates; Microshear bond strength and scanning electron microscope study. Eur. J. Dent. 9, 176–182. 10.4103/1305-7456.156799 (2015). 26038646 PMC4439842 · DOI
  15. [16]Deng, Z., Shang, B. & Peng, B. Polydopamine based colloidal materials: synthesis and applications. Chem. Rec. 18, 410. 10.1002/tcr.201700051 (2018). 29124869 · DOI
  16. [17]Frencken, J. E., Pilot, T., Songpaisan, Y. & Phantumvanit, P. Atraumatic restorative treatment (ART): Rationale, technique, and development. J. Public Health Dent. 56, 135–140. 10.1111/j.1752-7325.1996.tb02423.x (1996). 8915958 · DOI
  17. [18]Teng, R. et al. Combination of polydopamine coating and plasma pre-treatment to improve bond ability between PEEK and primary teeth. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 8, 630094. 10.3389/fbioe.2020.630094 (2021). 33585424 PMC7880054 · DOI
  18. [20]Devarajan, S. S. et al. Effect of polydopamine incorporated dentin adhesives on bond durability. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 35, 185–198. 10.1080/01694243.2020.1792136 (2021). · DOI
  19. [21]Zhang, C. et al. Deposition and adhesion of polydopamine on the surfaces of varying wettability. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 30943–30950. 10.1021/acsami.7b09774 (2017). 28832107 · DOI
  20. [22]McLean, J. W. The clinical use of glass-ionomer cements. Dent. Clin. North Am.36, 693–711. (1992). 1397431
  21. [23]Ferrari, M., Cagidiaco, M. C., Goracci, C., Vichi, A. & Mason, P. N. Bonding to root canal: Structural characteristics of the substrate. Am. J. Dent.13, 81–86. (2000). 11764112
  22. [24]Goldberg, M., Kulkarni, A. B., Young, M., Boskey, A. & Dentin structure, composition and mineralization. Front. Biosci. (Elite Ed.) 3, 711–735. 10.2741/e281 (2011). 21196346 PMC3360947 · DOI
  23. [25]Andermatt, L. & Özcan, M. Micro-shear bond strength of resin composite cement to coronal enamel/dentin, cervical enamel, cementoenamel junction, and root cementum with different adhesive systems. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 35, 2079–2093. 10.1080/01694243.2021.1872195 (2021). · DOI
  24. [26]Carvalho, T. S., van Amerongen, W. E., de Gee, A., Bönecker, M. & Sampaio, F. C. Shear bond strengths of three glass ionomer cements to enamel and dentine. Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal. 16, e406–e410. 10.4317/medoral.16.e406 (2011). 20526266 · DOI
  25. [27]Ghorbani, F., Zamanian, A., Behnamghader, A. & Daliri-Joupari, M. Bone-like hydroxyapatite mineralization on bio-inspired PDA nanoparticles using microwave irradiation. Surf. Interfaces 15, 38–42. 10.1016/j.surfin.2019.01.007 (2019). · DOI · Paper page
  26. [28]Moradian-Oldak, J. & George, A. Biomineralization of enamel and dentin mediated by matrix proteins. J. Dent. Res. 100, 1020–1029. 10.1177/00220345211018405 (2021). 34151644 PMC8381691 · DOI
  27. [29]Manuja, N., Nagpal, R. & Pandit, I. K. Dental adhesion: mechanism, techniques, and durability. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent. 36, 223–234. 10.17796/jcpd.36.3.68805rl1r037m063 (2012). 22838222 · DOI
  28. [30]Hashimoto, M. et al. Fluid movement across the resin-dentin interface during and after bonding. J. Dent. Res. 83, 843–848. 10.1177/154405910408301104 (2004). 15505233 · DOI
  29. [31]Coy, E., Iatsunskyi, I., Colmenares, J. C., Kim, Y. & Mrówczyński, R. Polydopamine films with 2D-like layered structure and high mechanical resilience. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13, 23113–23120. 10.1021/acsami.1c02483 (2021). 33969981 PMC8289185 · DOI
  30. [32]Qin, Z. et al. Recent advances in polydopamine for surface modification and enhancement of energetic materials: a mini-review. Crystals 13, 976. 10.3390/cryst13060976 (2023). · DOI
  31. [34]Dong, X., Li, H., Chen, M., Wang, Y. & Yu, Q. Plasma treatment of dentin surfaces for improving self-etching adhesive/dentin interface bonding. Clin. Plasma Med. 3, 10–16. 10.1016/j.cpme.2015.05.002 (2015). 26273561 PMC4528640 · DOI
  32. [35]Wang, J., Yang, K. & Zhang, B. Effects of Er laser pre-treatment on dentin structure and bonding strength of primary teeth: an in vitro study. BMC Oral Health 20, 316. 10.1186/s12903-020-01315-z (2020). 33172456 PMC7653740 · DOI

Authors
Rao, L. N., Sarkar, S., Shetty, A., Shetty, H., Shetty, S., Mohamed, R. N., Basha, S., Pawar, A., & Karobari, M. I.
Affiliations
  • Nitte University (IN)
  • Taif University (SA)
  • University of Puthisastra (KH)
Corresponding author
Karobari, Mohmed Isaqali
ORCID
Venue
Scientific Reports
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2025-01-17
Volume
15
Issue
1
Pages
2243-2243
ISSN
2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1038/s41598-025-85735-3
PMC
PMC11742451
OpenAlex
W4406509296
Cited by
3
References
34
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 2
FWCI
3.01
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Taif University
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Dentistry › Orthodontics › Dental materials and restorations
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Surfaces, Coatings and Films › Polymer Surface Interaction Studies
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › General Materials Science › Material Properties and Applications
Keywords
polydopamine, glass ionomer cement, dental adhesion, enamel bonding, dentin bonding, shear bond strength, microcracks, adhesive interface, mussel-inspired adhesion, self-polymerization
MeSH terms
Adhesiveness, Adhesives, Dental Bonding, Dental Enamel, Dentin, Glass Ionomer Cements, Humans, Indoles, Materials Testing, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Polymers, Shear Strength

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review